دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 11430
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

آیا قوانین زیست محیطی مانع رشد بهره وری می شود؟ چگونه حسابداری برای بهبود عملکرد زیست محیطی گیاهان می تواند نتیجه گیری را تغییر دهد

عنوان انگلیسی
Do environmental regulations hamper productivity growth? How accounting for improvements of plants' environmental performance can change the conclusion
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
11430 2007 8 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Ecological Economics, Volume 61, Issues 2–3, 1 March 2007, Pages 438–445

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
- مقررات زیست محیطی - رشد بهره وری - شاخص ملکوئیست
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Environmental regulation,Productivity growth,Malmquist index
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  آیا قوانین زیست محیطی مانع رشد بهره وری می شود؟ چگونه حسابداری برای بهبود عملکرد زیست محیطی گیاهان می تواند نتیجه گیری را تغییر دهد

چکیده انگلیسی

Many economists maintain that environmental regulations hamper productivity growth; a view supported by several empirical studies on industry or state level data. However, there is little research of the relationship between the stringency of environmental regulation and productivity growth at the plant level; and the results of the few existing studies are ambiguous. Moreover, the measures of productivity growth applied in previous studies do not credit plants for emission reductions, and this may result in understatement of productivity growth. We perform regression analyses of productivity growth on regulatory stringency using plant level data. To credit a plant for emission reductions, we include emissions as inputs when calculating an environmental Malmquist productivity index (EMI); and do not include emissions when calculation the traditional Malmquist productivity index (MI). The regression analyses show that the overall effect of the regulatory stringency faced by plants on plants' productivity growth is statistically insignificant when MI is applied to measure productivity growth. However, when we apply EMI, the effect is positive and statistically significant. This indicates that not accounting for emission reductions when measuring productivity growth can result in too pessimistic conclusions regarding the effect of regulatory stringency on productivity growth.

مقدمه انگلیسی

It is a concern to policymakers that environmental regulations hamper competitiveness and economic growth. Several economists have estimated the effect of environmental regulations on traditional measures of growth in total factor productivity, and their results suggest that the concern is not unwarranted (Christiansen and Haveman, 1981 and Jaffe et al., 1995). Recently, however, it has been suggested that the empirically detected inverse relationship between environmental regulations and productivity growth is an almost inevitable consequence of the current methods used to measure productivity — methods that fail to account for improvements in environmental performance (Repetto et al., 1997). In recent times, methods that account for environmental performance when measuring productivity have been developed, and most empirical studies have revealed that failure to account for emissions results in understatement of productivity growth (Weber and Domazlincky, 2001, Färe et al., 2001 and Hailu and Veeman, 2000). These studies are often motivated by the conjecture that inclusion of environmental factors in measures of productivity will influence the results of analysis of the relationship between environmental regulations and productivity growth. To our knowledge, the present paper is the first to investigate this conjecture empirically; we study the empirical relationship between environmental regulations and productivity growth. To credit a firm for emission reductions, we include emissions when calculating an environmental Malmquist productivity index (EMI); and for the sake of comparison, we perform the analysis on the traditional Malmquist index (MI) where emissions are not accounted for. There are many studies of the relationship between environmental regulations and productivity growth (not accounting for environmental performance) that employ industry or state level data, and they generally find that such regulations hamper productivity growth (Christiansen and Haveman, 1981 and Jaffe et al., 1995). However, as regulations are usually set at the plant level, employing industry or state level data can be an important shortcoming. When it comes to studies of environmental regulations and traditional measures of productivity growth employing plant level data, the literature is scarce and the results ambiguous (Jaffe et al., 1995 and Jenkins, 1998).1 Gollop and Roberts (1983) investigate the effect of firm specific environmental regulations on traditional measures of productivity growth in the US electric power industry. The authors conclude that environmental regulations have resulted in markedly lower productivity growth. Similarly, Gray and Shadbegian, 1993 and Gray and Shadbegian, 2002 include analyses of the relationship between productivity growth and environmental regulations for plants in three US industries. When environmental regulations are measured by compliance costs, they tend to find a negative relationship between the degree of environmental regulation and productivity growth. However, when other commonly used measures of regulatory stringency are employed, like compliance status or the number of inspections by the regulatory agency, the estimated coefficients are generally not significant.2 These previous firm level studies employ traditional measures of productivity growth. We are not aware of any study that investigates the relationship between environmental regulations and a measure of productivity growth that accounts for emission reductions. The contribution of the present paper is to provide empirical regression analyses showing how the estimated relationship between stringency of environmental regulations and productivity growth can depend on whether MI or EMI is applied. Based on empirical studies elsewhere (e.g. Magat and Viscusi, 1990 and Laplante and Rilstone, 1996), regulatory stringency or enforcement is assumed to rise with inspection frequency. Inspection frequency serves as our measure of regulatory stringency. The MI/EMI type of index has advantages over other measures of total factor productivity, like the Törnquist or Fischer index: The MI/EMI type of index can be computed solely on the basis of quantities, getting around the problem of recovering (shadow) prices on emissions. Although implying that the EMI specified in this study cannot be directly related to changes in welfare, it does provide a more complete picture of changes in productivity, as emissions, which are of concern to society, are included. We use nonparametric linear programming to estimate distance functions, which are used to define the MI/EMI for each plant in each year (see e.g. Färe et al., 1994). Based on plant specific data, we estimate a technology frontier using data envelopment analysis for each industry. The MI/EMI comprises changes in plants' distance to the frontier and movement of the frontier. Contrary to econometric approaches used to estimate productivity, like e.g. Klette (1999) or Gray and Shadbegian (2002), the approach taken in the present paper requires no assumptions of the functional form of the production function. In addition, when estimating productivity growth, we avoid imposing the same production function structure on all firms within an industry. Finally, we do not need to impose optimizing behavior. Norway's most energy intensive manufacturing industries are included in the present study. The Pulp and paper, Primary aluminum, Inorganic chemicals and Ferro alloy industries consume about 50% of the energy of the overall Norwegian manufacturing industry. These industries are major contributors to national emissions. In 2000, these four industries caused more than 80% of Norwegian manufacturing industry's emissions of SO2, more than 50% of emissions of acids, and about 50% of the emissions of CO2 or greenhouse gases (Statistics Norway, 2003a). In Section 2, we present the econometric model and the data, and outline how the productivity indexes are estimated. Section 3 presents the regression results for the two measures of productivity growth on regulatory stringency. Section 4 concludes.

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

The present paper provides the first empirical support of a claim that evaluations or recommendations of environmental policies that are based on a traditional measure of total factor productivity can be misleading: When using a measure of productivity growth that accounts for emissions, we find a positive and significant relationship between regulatory stringency and productivity growth (EMI). However, we do not find a significant relationship between regulatory stringency and a traditional measure of productivity growth (MI). This paper has investigated one possible aspect of the costs of environmental regulations: reduced growth in total factor productivity. Contrary to what is traditionally claimed, our result indicates that environmental regulations have not reduced productivity growth when measured in a way that credits plants for emission reductions. When a firm allocates resources to abatement activities, this is conventionally believed to reduce productivity measured by ordinary outputs. However, over time the firm may accomplish the same amount of abatement by allocating fewer resources from ordinary production to abatement activities. The main point of the present paper is that this improvement in abatement technology should constitute one element of the firm's overall technical progress. We find that accounting for this element is sufficient to observe a positive relationship between productivity growth and regulatory stringency. Recently some authors have been arguing that environmental regulations can in fact improve the economic performance of firms, a stand often labeled the Porter Hypothesis (see e.g. Porter, 1991 and Porter and van der Linde, 1995). These authors propose several mechanisms to support a presence of such win–win-opportunities; like e.g. that regulations enhance motivation for innovations that improve competitiveness. Porter and van der Linde (1995), e.g., argue that even if environmental regulations were not profitable in the short run, they may improve competitiveness in the long-run. Since productivity growth is an important determinant of long-term competitiveness, many of the arguments supporting the Porter Hypothesis applies to our measures of productivity growth. However, there are a couple of reasons why our empirical results may not be interpreted as support for the Porter Hypothesis. First, we do not find a significant effect of regulatory stringency on MI. Second, and more importantly, while Porter and van der Linde (1995) focus on private costs when maintaining that regulations can improve competitiveness, we have considered a measure of productivity growth that incorporates emissions. This represents an extension of focus from inputs associated with pure private costs to environmentally detrimental inputs of concern to society. Along with others, we have argued that inclusion of environmental impacts of production is appropriate when policy evaluations of regulations are to be undertaken. It seems likely that the effect of regulatory stringency on productivity growth would depend on the specific features of the actual regulatory regime, and probably also on the technological and institutional characteristics of the industries studied. Complementing the present study with analyses on data sets covering other industries and regulatory regimes is obviously necessary before categorical conclusions regarding the relationship between regulatory stringency and productivity growth can be drawn. Still, we believe that the results based on our limited data set reveal some interesting patterns worth studying further as the availability of plant level panel data improves.