دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 27783
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

تحرک سرمایه بین المللی: چه چیزی پویایی صرفه جویی در سرمایه گذاری ملی به ما می گویند؟

عنوان انگلیسی
International capital mobility: What do national saving–investment dynamics tell us?
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
27783 2008 14 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Journal of International Money and Finance, Volume 27, Issue 3, April 2008, Pages 331–344

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
- تنظیم حساب جاری - تحرک سرمایه - رگرسیون پنل پویا
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Current account adjustment,Capital mobility,Dynamic panel regressions
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چکیده انگلیسی

We interpret the relationship between national saving and investment in the long-run as reflecting a solvency constraint, and interpret the ease with which a country can run current account imbalances in the short run, before it has to ultimately reverse the transaction at some future date to satisfy the solvency constraint, as being positively related to the degree of international capital mobility. We apply panel error-correction techniques to data for 20 OECD countries from 1960 to 1999. We find that saving and investment display a long-run cointegration relationship that is consistent with the interpretation that a long-run solvency constraint is binding for each country. Over time, however, deviations from this long-run equilibrium relation have become more persistent, which suggests that capital mobility has increased.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Feldstein and Horioka (FH) (1980) identify a close cross-section association between period-average data on annual national saving and investment rates for a sample of 16 OECD economies from 1960 to 1974 and interpret it as evidence of low international capital mobility. The authors argue that a systematic relationship between national saving and investment would not be expected if each country faced a large international capital market to which it supplied its national saving, or from which it obtained its means for investment purposes. Obtaining a saving rate coefficient that differs significantly from the benchmark value of zero in an investment rate regression implies a systematic relationship between saving and investment, and would thus be inconsistent with the view that there is sufficiently high capital mobility. A number of studies have re-estimated this relationship. The estimated saving–investment association often becomes weaker as more recent data are included, but it nevertheless remains significantly different from zero. FH's results have generated a large literature on the saving–investment relationship, although already for some time now many authors have argued that simple saving–investment correlations may not be informative about international capital mobility.1 Several recent studies of this relationship have interpreted the finding of a close long-run saving–investment relation as indicating a solvency constraint, rather than low capital mobility. Specifically, since the intertemporal budget constraint of an open economy should not allow countries to run current account deficits indefinitely (Sinn, 1992), there must be a long-run relationship that ties national saving and investment together. Consequently, identifying empirically that saving and investment cointegrate are uninformative about capital mobility, because it reflects only the solvency constraint (Coakley et al., 1996, Coakley et al., 1998 and Coakley and Kulasi, 1997). For example, if productivity shocks have a permanent effect, then productivity will be non-stationary, and so will be output, saving and investment. These properties may be reflected in a cointegrating relationship between the latter two variables, but identifying such a relationship does not provide information about capital mobility, as it is the solvency constraint that requires the current account to be stationary. Jansen, 1996 and Jansen, 1998 suggests that the short- and long-run dynamics of the saving–investment relationship could be used jointly, however, to detect the degree of international capital mobility. Consider that a long-run cointegration relationship between saving and investment exists, reflecting the existence of the solvency constraint. Identifying that the two variables are not one-to-one inversely related to each other, i.e. that their cointegration vector is different from (1, −1)′, could then be interpreted as evidence of capital mobility. Under such circumstances, the current account would be a non-stationary variable, which would only be feasible if capital mobility was high. We interpret the close long-run saving–investment relationship as reflecting a solvency constraint and focus on the short-term saving–investment relationship to assess the degree of capital mobility. In particular, we interpret the “speed” of an economy's adjustment to shocks, as measured by the estimated error-correction coefficient from a saving–investment error-correction model, as an indicator of capital mobility.2 To see why, consider that saving and investment cointegrate in the long-run because of the existence of the solvency constraint. If the error-correction coefficient, λ, were equal to minus one, then adjustment to the long-run equilibrium would be immediate. Under these circumstances, the solvency constraint would already be binding in the short run, and the capital account would always be balanced. By contrast, capital mobility allows the current account to be different from zero, and saving and investment would be allowed to deviate temporarily from each other. One example is if λ was equal to zero. We argue that the higher the capital mobility, the more prolonged could be such episodes of deviations of saving and investment from their long-run equilibrium relationship. Thus, capital mobility is defined here as the ease with which a country can borrow or lend to run prolonged current account imbalances in the short to medium term, before it has to ultimately reverse the transaction at some future date. This ease or capacity is measured by the error-correction coefficient, λ, with a lower λ being consistent with higher capital mobility. Clearly, if λ would be very low and insignificant, this would suggest that the use of an error-correction approach is not appropriate. But, as long as λ is significantly different from zero, the use of an error-correction approach is appropriate. To infer the degree of international capital mobility from domestic saving–investment developments, our paper uses, to our knowledge for the first time in the literature, a dynamic panel error-correction model (Pesaran et al., 1999). By using a panel of time-series and cross-section data and testing, simultaneously, the implications of the theoretical considerations on more than one country, increased power and more precise estimates are obtained. Moreover, it appears preferable to measure capital mobility in a large number of countries jointly, and thus take into account relations between them, rather than focus on individual countries when computing estimates regarding saving–investment dynamics. Some previous studies (Corbin, 2001 and Coakley et al., 2004) have explored the panel nature of the data in a static context. As saving and investment are dynamic processes, however, a dynamic estimation approach is useful. Domestic saving–investment dynamics can be expected to differ across countries, reflecting differences in their sizes, structures, cyclical positions, and policies. We explicitly address the issue of potential heterogeneity by using three dynamic panel estimation techniques that differ in their assumptions regarding homogeneity/heterogeneity in both short-term and long-term relationships. Our results are as follows. The estimated coefficient for the level of the saving rate is significantly different from zero, which suggests that a long-run cointegration relationship exists. This is consistent with the interpretation that a solvency constraint is binding in the long run. Moreover, the long-run saving–investment correlation has increased over time, moving closer to a one-to-one relationship. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the longer the sample the greater is the likelihood that a solvency constraint can be identified by the data. As regards the short-term adjustment, we find that the parameter estimated for the error-correction term is always highly significant, thus providing support for our choice of an error-correction formulation. The value of the error-correction term varies with the sample period considered, and it becomes smaller in absolute terms as more recent data are included in the sample. Hence, deviations from the long-run equilibrium relation have become more persistent, which is consistent with the hypothesis that capital has become more mobile over time.