دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 32856
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

روابط بین اختلال اضطراب جدایی، سبک دلبستگی بزرگسال و موقعیت هراسی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال پانیک

عنوان انگلیسی
The relationships among separation anxiety disorder, adult attachment style and agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
32856 2014 6 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Volume 28, Issue 8, December 2014, Pages 741–746

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
اختلال پانیک - اختلال اضطراب جدایی - سبک دلبستگی بزرگسالان - موقعیت هراسی -
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Panic disorder; Separation anxiety disorder; Adult attachment style; Agoraphobia
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  روابط بین اختلال اضطراب جدایی، سبک دلبستگی بزرگسال و موقعیت هراسی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال پانیک

چکیده انگلیسی

Epidemiological studies indicate that separation anxiety disorder occurs more frequently in adults than children. It is unclear whether the presence of adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) is a manifestation of anxious attachment, or a form of agoraphobia, or a specific condition with clinically significant consequences. We conducted a study to examine these questions. A sample of 141 adult outpatients with panic disorder participated in the study. Participants completed standardized measures of separation anxiety, attachment style, agoraphobia, panic disorder severity and quality of life. Patients with ASAD (49.5% of our sample) had greater panic symptom severity and more impairment in quality of life than those without separation anxiety. We found a greater rate of symptoms suggestive of anxious attachment among panic patients with ASAD compared to those without ASAD. However, the relationship between ASAD and attachment style is not strong, and adult ASAD occurs in some patients who report secure attachment style. Similarly, there is little evidence for the idea that separation anxiety disorder is a form of agoraphobia. Factor analysis shows clear differentiation of agoraphobic and separation anxiety symptoms. Our data corroborate the notion that ASAD is a distinct condition associated with impairment in quality of life and needs to be better recognized and treated in patients with panic disorder.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Separation anxiety disorder is a well-established diagnostic category in the psychiatric nomenclature (Shear, Jin, Ruscio, Walters, & Kessler, 2006). However, most studies of this condition pertain to childhood. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the occurrence of adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD). Although in DSM-IV, separation anxiety disorder was classified in the section “Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence,” criteria for the disorder are now described in the DSM-5 section on anxiety disorders (APA, 2013). The core features remain mostly unchanged, although the wording of the criteria has been modified to more adequately represent the expression of separation anxiety symptoms in adulthood. For example, attachment figures may include the children of adults with separation anxiety disorder, and avoidance behaviors may occur in the workplace as well as at school. Also, in contrast to DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria no longer specify that age at onset must be before 18 years, because a substantial number of adults report onset of separation anxiety after age 18 (Marnane & Silove, 2013). The disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, or other important areas of functioning. Adults with a diagnosis of ASAD report extreme anxiety about separations from major attachment figures (partner, children, or parents), fear that harm would befall those close to them and need to maintain proximity to them. These symptoms may affect the individual's behavior and lead to severe impairment in social relationships. It is important to distinguish between symptoms of ASAD and dependent personality traits. Dependency is a pervasive and indiscriminate tendency to rely excessively on others, whereas ASAD refers to a limited array of concern about the proximity and safety of key attachment figures. Initially, Manicavasagar, Silove, and Curtis (1997) highlighted the clinical significance of ASAD as a distinct diagnosis. This group raised the possibility that the most common pathological outcome for children with separation anxiety may be adult separation anxiety disorder (Manicavasagar et al., 2000 and Manicavasagar et al., 1998) and documented the occurrence of ASAD in adults (Wijeratne & Manicavasagar, 2003). Our group (Cyranowski et al., 2002, Fagiolini et al., 1998, Pini et al., 2005a and Pini et al., 2010) also found ASAD to be surprisingly common in a large clinical population of outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. The high prevalence of ASAD in the general population (6.6%) was also confirmed in the NCS-R data (Shear et al., 2006). Another unresolved question is the nature of the relationship linking separation anxiety disorder to insecure attachment in general and to anxious attachment in particular (Troisi & D’Argenio, 2004). Theoretically, it is possible that not all individuals with anxious attachment meet criteria for separation anxiety disorder. It is also possible that separation anxiety disorder occurs even in the context of secure attachment. In other words, it is not known whether all individuals with separation anxiety disorder also engage in other anxious attachment behaviors. To our knowledge, no empirical study has been undertaken to answer this question. Manicavasagar, Silove, Marnane, and Wagner (2009) tried to clarify the link between attachment styles and panic disorder/agoraphobia (PD-Ag). They studied 83 patients with PD-Ag and ASAD, highlighting that the style of anxious attachment, using the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) (Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994), was more prevalent in patients with separation anxiety and panic disorder than in patients with only panic attacks. Similarly, the relationship between adult separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia has not been well clarified (Mian et al., 2012, Wittchen et al., 2008 and Wittchen et al., 2010). A prominent theme in the literature pertains to the relationship between childhood separation anxiety and adult PD (Bruckl et al., 2007). Some investigators found evidence that childhood separation anxiety disorder is associated with an increased risk of PD, with or without agoraphobia, in adulthood (De Ruiter and Van Ijzendoorn, 1992, Klein, 1964 and Klein, 1980). However, other studies have not supported this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003 and Warner et al., 1995). Lipsitz et al. (1994) found a high rate of childhood separation anxiety among adults with different anxiety disorders and questioned whether childhood separation anxiety disorder is selectively linked to adult PD or, alternatively, constitutes a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders more generally. Findings from the NCS-R supported the latter hypothesis. In the NCS-R, ASAD was highly comorbid with PD, but such a comorbidity rate was not different from the rates with other anxiety or mood disorders. Thus, neither childhood nor adult ASAD was preferentially associated with PD. This hypothesis has been further corroborated by findings arguing against the notion that separation anxiety and anxious attachment are relevant to panic disorder with agoraphobia in general, suggesting instead that that constellation is confined to a separate group, namely that of adult separation anxiety disorder. Preter and Klein (2008) proposed a model that amplified the original suffocation false alarm theory (Klein, 1993). The observation of respiratory abnormalities in patients with PD was in line with the hypothesis that panic may be provoked by indicators of potential suffocation, such as fluctuations in pCO2 and brain lactate, as well as environmental circumstances. However, the fact that sudden loss, bereavement and childhood separation anxiety are also antecedents of “spontaneous” panic required an integrative explanation. Within this framework, the authors reappraised a developmental pathophysiological link between separation anxiety and PD and subsequent agoraphobia, coupled with attachment theory and ethological views of anxiety. Central opioid system dysfunction has been claimed to play a key role in both disordered breathing and separation distress in decreasing the suffocation alarm threshold. Given the dearth of research concerning ASAD, we have undertaken a series of investigations to better understand this condition among help-seeking individuals diagnosed with other DSM IV diagnoses (Costa et al., 2009, Pini et al., 2005a, Pini et al., 2005b and Pini et al., 2010). In the current paper, we report the results of a clinical study aimed at ascertaining whether adult separation anxiety can be distinguished from agoraphobia and from anxious attachment style. In addition, we aimed at clarifying whether the occurrence of ASAD is associated with distinctive features of the PD clinical picture. These data may contribute to the current debate whether ASAD is a distinct clinical entity or merely a variant/subtype of PD. In addition, differential assessment of ASAD, agoraphobia or anxious attachment style may have important therapeutical implications for patients with panic disorder (Milrod et al., 2014).