دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 33861
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

مدولاسیون عاطفی معضلات کنترل: نقش عاطفه مثبت، پاداش و دوپامین در ثبات و انعطاف پذیری شناختی

عنوان انگلیسی
Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: The role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
33861 2014 21 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Neuropsychologia, Volume 62, September 2014, Pages 403–423

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
کنترل شناختی - معضلات کنترل - احساسات - عاطفه مثبت - دوپامین - انعطاف پذیری شناختی - قشر جلو مغزی - گانگلیون بازال -
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Cognitive control; Control dilemmas; Emotion; Positive affect; Dopamine; Cognitive flexibility; Prefrontal cortex; Basal ganglia
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  مدولاسیون عاطفی معضلات کنترل: نقش عاطفه مثبت، پاداش و دوپامین در ثبات و انعطاف پذیری شناختی

چکیده انگلیسی

Goal-directed action in changing environments requires a dynamic balance between complementary control modes, which serve antagonistic adaptive functions (e.g., to shield goals from competing responses and distracting information vs. to flexibly switch between goals and behavioral dispositions in response to significant changes). Too rigid goal shielding promotes stability but incurs a cost in terms of perseveration and reduced flexibility, whereas too weak goal shielding promotes flexibility but incurs a cost in terms of increased distractibility. While research on cognitive control has long been conducted relatively independently from the study of emotion and motivation, it is becoming increasingly clear that positive affect and reward play a central role in modulating cognitive control. In particular, evidence from the past decade suggests that positive affect not only influences the contents of cognitive processes, but also modulates the balance between complementary modes of cognitive control. In this article we review studies from the past decade that examined effects of induced positive affect on the balance between cognitive stability and flexibility with a focus on set switching and working memory maintenance and updating. Moreover, we review recent evidence indicating that task-irrelevant positive affect and performance-contingent rewards exert different and sometimes opposite effects on cognitive control modes, suggesting dissociations between emotional and motivational effects of positive affect. Finally, we critically review evidence for the popular hypothesis that effects of positive affect may be mediated by dopaminergic modulations of neural processing in prefrontal and striatal brain circuits, and we refine this “dopamine hypothesis of positive affect” by specifying distinct mechanisms by which dopamine may mediate effects of positive affect and reward on cognitive control. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of current research, point to central unresolved questions and outline perspective for future research on affective and motivational modulations of cognitive control modes.

مقدمه انگلیسی

The term cognitive control denotes a heterogeneous set of mechanisms that underlie the human ability to configure behavioral dispositions according to superordinate goals or task instructions, to maintain goals in the face of distraction, and to suppress prepotent, but unwanted habitual or impulsive responses (Banich, 2009, Goschke, 2013 and Miller and Cohen, 2001). Although in the past two decades substantial progress has been made in elucidating the factor structure (e.g., Friedman et al., 2008 and Miyake et al., 2000), computational mechanisms (e.g., O׳Reilly, Herd, & Pauli, 2010), and neural basis (e.g., Mars, Sallet, Rushworth, & Yeung, 2011) of cognitive control, it is still insufficiently understood how cognitive control processes are modulated by emotional and motivational factors. While research on cognitive control has long been conducted relatively independently from the study of emotions, it becomes increasingly clear that brain systems involved in cognitive control such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are strongly interconnected with brain systems involved in the processing of emotion and motivation (Banich et al., 2009, Chiew and Braver, 2011, Mars et al., 2011, Pessoa, 2009 and Ray and Zald, 2012). However, in contrast to a voluminous body of research on effects of emotions and moods on perception, attention, and creative problem-solving (for reviews see Bolte and Goschke, 2010, Fredrickson, 2013, Friedman and Förster, 2010 and Isen, 2007), research on how emotions specifically modulate cognitive control processes has only recently gained momentum (e.g., Banich et al., 2009, Bolte and Goschke, 2010, Chiew and Braver, 2011, Dreisbach and Fischer, 2012, Mitchell and Phillips, 2007 and Mueller, 2011). Importantly, findings obtained during the past decade have revealed that emotions not only influence the contents of cognitive control processes (e.g., which goals are maintained in working memory), but also modulate the mode of cognitive control (e.g., how strongly goals are shielded from distraction or how flexibly cognitive sets are updated). 1.1. Scope of the present review In this review we focus specifically on effects of induced positive affect on complementary cognitive control modes and, in particular, the balance between stable maintenance and flexible shifting of goals and task-sets. Our guiding hypothesis is that emotions are associated with different settings of “meta-control parameters” that regulate the balance between complementary control modes and thereby promote either flexible switching or stable maintenance of goals and cognitive sets. While our primary focus is on positive affect, we also provide a selective review of recent evidence indicating that task-irrelevant positive affect and performance-contingent rewards exert markedly different and sometimes opposite effects on cognitive control modes. This discussion complements recent reviews on the role of positive affect and reward in other domains of cognitive control such as conflict monitoring ( Chiew and Braver, 2011 and Dreisbach and Fischer, 2012). Our second main aim is to discuss possible computational and neural mechanisms that may mediate emotional modulations of cognitive control modes. In particular, we critically review evidence for the popular hypothesis that effects of positive affect on cognitive control are mediated by dopaminergic modulations of neural processing in frontal-striatal brain circuits (e.g., Ashby et al., 1999 and Ashby et al., 2003). Note that it is neither our aim to provide a comprehensive overview of emotional modulations of cognitive processes in general nor to review effects of emotions on all aspects of cognitive control. Rather, we restrict the scope of this review to studies that have examined effects of positive affect (or reward) on task-set switching and working memory maintenance and updating, and we focus particularly on studies that are informative with respect to the question how positive affect and reward modulate complementary control modes (for reviews of the role of positive affect in other cognitive domains such as perception, attention, or problem-solving see Bolte and Goschke, 2010, Fredrickson, 2013, Friedman and Förster, 2010 and Isen, 2007). 1.2. Conceptual and methodological issues The term emotion has been notoriously difficult to define (Hamann, 2012 and LeDoux, 2012) and it has even been asked how meaningful a categorical distinction between cognition and emotion (or “cognitive” and “affective” brain areas) is (Pessoa, 2008). In this article we use a pragmatic working definition, according to which emotions can be conceived as psycho-physiological response patterns which involve several components, including a (conscious or unconscious) evaluation of the significance of an event in the light of the organism׳s needs, motives, and goals; physiological responses of the autonomous nervous system as indicated by different indicators of increased arousal; the recruitment of brain circuits involved in the processing of reward, threat, or punishment; the generation of motivational tendencies that set particular categories of action into readiness (e.g., approach vs. avoidance); specific facial and postural expressions; and often (but not necessarily) a qualitative subjective experience (the feeling component) (Bolte & Goschke, 2010). The relation between emotion and motivation will be discussed in more detail in Section 3.3 on dissociations between positive affect and reward (see also Chiew & Braver, 2011). In most studies reviewed in this article positive affect was induced by presenting positive emotional stimuli (e.g., pictures, movie clips) either on a trial-by-trial basis or before a block of trials, whereas a smaller number of studies examined effects of more enduring moods. Although phasic emotional responses and tonic moods likely differ with respect to underlying neural systems, the degree to which they capture focal attention, and whether they motivate emotion regulation strategies, to our knowledge no studies have systematically investigated how short-lived emotional responses to affective stimuli and tonic moods differ in their effects on cognitive control. As there is not sufficient evidence for a systematic comparison of effects of tonic and phasic emotions, we have organized our review along the control functions under investigation (set shifting; working memory maintenance and updating) rather than according to emotion induction methods.