دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 34139
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

جنسیت، کورتیزول و آلفا آمیلاز در پاسخ به استرس فیزیکی و روانی حاد در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی را تعیین می کند

عنوان انگلیسی
Gender determines cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to acute physical and psychosocial stress in patients with borderline personality disorder
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
34139 2015 7 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Psychiatry Research, Volume 228, Issue 1, 30 July 2015, Pages 46–52

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
- () اختلال شخصیت مرزی - استرس - کورتیزول - آلفا آمیلاز - آدرنوکورتیکوتروپین - کاتکول آمین -
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Borderline personality disorder; Stress; Cortisol; Alpha-amylase; Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); Catecholamine.
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  جنسیت، کورتیزول و آلفا آمیلاز در پاسخ به استرس فیزیکی و روانی حاد در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی را تعیین می کند

چکیده انگلیسی

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by affective instability, unstable relationships, and identity disturbance. We measured salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary cortisol levels in all participants during exposure to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and an electric stimulation stress. Seventy-two BPD patients were compared with 377 age- and gender- matched controls. The State and Trait versions of the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory test (STAI-S and STAI-T, respectively), the Profile of Mood State (POMS) tests, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Depression and Anxiety Cognition Scale (DACS) were administered to participants before electrical stimulation. Following TSST exposure, salivary cortisol levels significantly decreased in female patients and significantly increased in male patients compared with controls. POMS tension–anxiety, depression–dejection, anger–hostility, fatigue, and confusion scores were significantly increased in BPD patients compared with controls. In contrast, vigor scores were significantly decreased in BPD patients relative to controls. Furthermore, STAI-T and STAI-S anxiety scores and BDI scores were significantly increased in BPD patient compared with controls. DACS scores were significantly increased in BPD patient compared with controls. Different stressors (e.g., psychological or physical) induced different responses in the HPA and SAM systems in female or male BPD patients.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is the most common personality disorder and characterized by affective instability as well as by impulsivity, self-injurious behavior, anxiety of abandonment, and unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR); American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It is also associated with instabilities of identity and self-direction (Bender and Skodol, 2007 and Feliu-Soler et al., 2013). Suicidal behavior is also highly predominant, appearing to be related to affective instability and depressive mood states (Soloff et al., 2000 and Yen et al., 2004). Stress exposure impairs the cognitive regulation of emotion (Raio et al., 2013). The stress group showed significantly higher cortisol levels after the stressor, whereas the control group demonstrated significantly decreased levels. Cortisol regulates its own release via a negative feedback in the central nervous system. It binds to specific receptors throughout the limbic system, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (Herman et al., 2005). A previous study on the effect of glucocorticoid on stress-related pathophysiology particularly concentrated on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which organizes the major neuroendocrine stress system (Myers et al., 2014 and Nater et al., 2013). Although glucocorticoids initiate adaptive processes that produce energy for coping, prolonged or inappropriate glucocorticoid secretion is harmful. Inappropriate processing of stressful data may direct an active drive that does not match the environmental need, thereby resulting in a risk of pathology. Several studies have demonstrated that effective coping strategies often fail in BPD patients (Gratz et al., 2006 and Conklin et al., 2006). For example, neuroimaging studies in BPD patients showed reductions in the hippocampal volumes and increase in the hypothalamic volume (Kuhlmann et al., 2013): the hypothalamic volume was associated with a history of trauma in BPD patients. BPD patients have enhanced cortisol levels under basal states compared with healthy controls (Carvalho Fernando et al., 2012). Female adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury showed an attenuated cortisol response to TSST (Kaess et al., 2012). Female BPD patients showed heightened resting cortisol levels and intense subjective negative emotional arousal among those with BPD, as well as reduced psychobiological reactivity to TSST (Scott et al., 2013). Enhanced stress in BPD might reduce cortisol response and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) increase and change of heart rate variability after physical and psychological stress. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in HPA activity may contribute to BPD (Wingenfeld et al., 2010). Furthermore, higher basal cortisol levels have been reported in BPD patients (Wingenfeld et al., 2007), although changes in the function of the HPA axis in BPD appear to be effected by comorbid symptomatology. The studies of HPA activity in BPD have been cross-sectional, and therefore, no causal inferences can be made about how “changes in HPA activity” “contribute to BPD”. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has been extensively used to identify abnormal HPA axis feedback regulation. In BPD patients, DST outcomes vary with comorbid psychopathology (Zimmerman and Choi-Kain, 2009). Decreased cortisol suppression by dexamethasone has also been reported in non-depressed BPD patients (Lieb et al., 2004). However, there have been inconsistent results regarding increased feedback inhibition in BPD patients (Carrasco et al., 2007). BPD symptoms suggested amplified cortisol reactivity to a test stressor only in participants with low degrees of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Dixon-Gordon et al., 2013). In participants with prominent levels of PTSD symptoms, there was no indication of an association between BPD symptoms and cortisol reactivity. Nater et al. (2010) reported that the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/cortisol ratio, salivary cortisol levels, and alpha-amylase responsiveness were decreased in unmedicated female BPD patients compared with healthy control. No significant differences for ACTH levels and catecholaminergic responses were detected. Stress hormone response to psychosocial stress in BPD showed that prominent dissociative symptoms in BPD were associated with greater HPA axis and noradrenergic reactivity to stress (Simeon et al., 2007). Female BPD participants showed more delayed cortisol response than control participants after psychosocial stress (Walter et al., 2008). These data failed to provide consistent conclusions, because of differences in gender, numbers, and participant stressor. Thus, it remains unclear whether BPD patients show different HPA axis stress reactivity. Some reports have shown an association between autonomic function and emotional dysregulation (Porges, 2003). The parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) differentiates response profiles between individuals diagnosed with BPD and controls (Austin et al., 2007), with BPD patients having comparatively increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity during a social stressor task (Weinberg et al., 2009). Elices et al. (2012) assessed the emotional response and heart rate in BPD patients and healthy controls while watching emotional films. The heart rates of BPD patients increased lesser than that of controls when watching frightening, sad, and anger-inducing films. No significant differences were found between BPD patients with or without psychotropics (benzodiazepines or antipsychotics) use and healthy controls. Research has variably suggested both increased and decreased ANS activity in BPD patients (Austin et al., 2007 and Kuo and Linehan, 2009). Because heart rate is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations more precise measures of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity are needed to evaluate this accurately. Recent reports have demonstrated that the sAA and cortisol are valid and reliable markers of central sympathetic activity and HPA axis activity (Nater and Rohleder, 2009, Ishitobi et al., 2010, Tanaka et al., 2012a, Tanaka et al., 2012b, Tanaka et al., 2013, Maruyama et al., 2012, Kawano et al., 2013 and Tamura et al., 2013) and they may be used as a non-invasive markers of sympathetic activity (Chu et al., 2013). In addition, there has been controversy about whether sAA reflects sympathetic activity specifically, or if it is a more general marker of autonomic activity, with some evidence suggesting that it reflects activity of both autonomic branches (Bosch et al., 2011). Further, although maladaptive cognitions are common among BPD patients and are useful for differentiating the disorder, this part of neither the HPA axis nor the ANS is adequately studied (Zanarini et al., 2013). A limited number of earlier studies have compared salivary cortisol levels, sAA levels, psychological tests and cardiac autonomic modulation among BPD patients (Simeon et al., 2007 and Nater et al., 2010). The present study aimed to examine the psychological, physiological, and neuroendocrine responses to physical and psychosocial stressor in female and male BPD patients compared with healthy participants. We hypothesized that BPD patients would feel greater subjective stress to an acute physiological and psychosocial stressor compared with healthy controls, that secretion of salivary cortisol is interrupted in BPD patients, indicating deregulated stress reactivity of the HPA axis, and that ANS reactivity would be deregulated in BPD patients.

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

The four groups did not significantly differ with regard to age, BMI, smoking history, and education (Table 1). Table 1. Demographic characteristics. Female Statistics Male Control (n=148) BPD (n=33) Control (n=229) BPD (n=39) Age 24.4±2.6 23.3±0.9 Z=1.7; p=0.09 25.5±4.3 24.4±2.7 BMI 21.6±3.1 22.2±3.9 Z=0.5; p=0.60 23.2±3.4 23.7±3.6 Smoking (no. cig) <10/day 125 28 211 33 >10/day 23 5 χ2=0.003; p=0.96 18 6 Education (years) 12.7±2.8 13.4±2.2 Z=1.2; p=0.23 12.7±2.8 13.4±2.2 BPD=Borderline Personality Disorder; BMI=Body Mass Index. Table options Regarding POMS testing, BPD patients scored significantly higher across five categories (tension–anxiety, depression–dejection, anger–hostility, fatigue, and confusion) and significantly lower in the vigor category compared with controls (p<0.01) ( Table 2). STAI-S and STAI-T scores and BDI scores were significantly increased in BPD patients compared with controls (p<0.01) ( Table 2). There were no differences in the strength of electrical stimulation between controls and BPD patients ( Table 2). However, the strength of electrical stimulation in male controls is significantly increased more compared with female controls (p<0.01). There were no differences in the strength of electrical stimulation between female and male BPD patients. DACS scores (future denial, threat prediction, self-denial, past denial, and interpersonal threat) were significantly increased in BPD patient compared with controls (p<0.01). There were no differences in LF, HF, and LF/HF between controls and female BPD patients ( Table 2). LF in male BPD significantly increased more (p<0.01) and HF in male BPD significantly decreased less compared with male controls (p<0.01). There were no differences in LF/HF ratio between controls and male BPD patients.