دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 35039
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

بررسی نواحی لوب فرونتال در اسکیزوفرنی اپیزود اول

عنوان انگلیسی
Investigation of frontal lobe subregions in first-episode schizophrenia1
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
35039 1999 15 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, Volume 90, Issue 1, 22 February 1999, Pages 1–15

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
Magnetic resonance imaging - Frontolimbic - Cerebral sulci - Parcellation - Sex differences - تصویربرداری رزونانس مغناطیسی - تفاوتهای جنسیتی -
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Magnetic resonance imaging; Frontolimbic; Cerebral sulci; Parcellation; Sex differences
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  بررسی نواحی لوب فرونتال در اسکیزوفرنی اپیزود اول

چکیده انگلیسی

The evidence for frontal lobe structural abnormalities in schizophrenia using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been mixed, but most studies used either single slice measures or total volumes of a single frontal region, neither of which is sensitive to potential volume differences in more specific subregions. This study employed reliable methods for parcellation of the frontal lobes from MR images based on the sulcal anatomy. Following a cytoarchitectonic theory that distinguishes dorsomedial (archicortically derived) from ventrolateral (paleocortically derived) frontal subregions, we measured the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, and orbital frontal region in 19 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 26 healthy comparison subjects. Results indicated that male patients had significantly larger right orbital frontal volume compared to their left orbital frontal volume and compared to healthy men. Among male patients larger right orbital frontal volume was significantly correlated with smaller right `archicortical' (i.e. anterior cingulate and superior frontal gyri) volume. Furthermore, the ratio of right orbital frontal to right `archicortical' volume was significantly and positively correlated with level of delusions among male patients. These findings suggest that there may be reciprocal controls on `archicortical' and `paleocortical' neurodevelopment among men with schizophrenia, and that larger paleocortical relative to archicortical volumes may be associated with increased delusions.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Emil Kraepelin (1919)and Eugen Bleuler (1950)postulated that at least some symptoms of schizophrenia could be due to abnormalities in either the structure or function of the frontal lobes, which are widely regarded to play a major role in attention, affect regulation, executive functioning and metacognition. Despite consistent findings of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia, however, the evidence for frontal lobe structural abnormalities from magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies has been mixed. While some studies have reported structural abnormalities in the frontal lobes (Andreasen et al., 1986; Jernigan et al., 1991; Breier et al., 1992; Raine et al., 1992; Zipursky et al., 1992; Buchanan et al., 1993 and Buchanan et al., 1998; Harvey et al., 1993; Bilder et al., 1994; Schlaepfer et al., 1994; Nopoulos et al., 1995; Woods et al., 1996; Hege et al., 1997) others have not (Kelsoe et al., 1988; Suddath et al., 1989 and Suddath et al., 1990; Andreasen et al., 1990; Rossi et al., 1990; Corey-Bloom et al., 1995; Wible et al., 1995), and methodologic problems prevent firm conclusions. Most studies included patients who had chronic illness and/or long-term exposure to antipsychotic medication. In addition, frontal measures were either from a single slice, or reflected the total volume of a large frontal region (e.g. the entire prefrontal lobe), which may be insensitive to subtle differences in the volumes of more specific subregions. Assessment of cortical subregions is potentially important because it is known that the frontal lobes are both structurally and functionally heterogeneous. The lack of MR imaging investigations of discrete frontal lobe subregions in schizophrenia may be due to the complicated sulco-gyral patterning in the frontal lobes (Ono et al., 1990), which makes it difficult to reliably identify sulcal boundaries for subregions. Despite these difficulties, several notable methods have been developed for parcellation of the prefrontal cortex (Buchanan et al., 1998; Rademacher et al., 1992; Wible et al., 1997). Few studies, however, have investigated anatomically relevant frontal lobe subregions in patients with schizophrenia. Buchanan et al. (1998)reported decreased inferior prefrontal volume in patients whereas Wible et al. (1994)reported no volume differences in subregions between patients and comparison subjects. A current challenge in cognitive neuroscience is to define those frontal subregions that are most functionally relevant, and so far there is no clear consensus regarding either the anatomic divisions that are most appropriate, or the functional distinctions that these systems subserve. The `evolutionary cytoarchitectonic trends' model of cerebral cortex originally elaborated by Sanides, 1969 and Sanides, 1972provides a possible anatomic framework to investigate frontal lobe subregions. Using comparative anatomic methods to examine patterns of cytoarchitectonic differentiation, Sanides, 1969 and Sanides, 1972provided evidence for a fundamental duality in the origins of the cerebral cortex in mammals. According to this theory, the frontal neocortex is derived from two cellular primordia, comprising hippocampal (`archicortical') and olfactory (`paleocortical') moieties. The `archicortical' trend is more dorsally and medially positioned, and includes the hippocampal formation (most primitive), cingulate gyrus (intermediate) and dorsal/medial aspects of prefrontal cortex (most developed, true six-layered isocortex). This trend is isomorphic with the `medial frontolimbic system', in which the frontal lobes and limbic system are linked by the cingulate bundle (Bilder and Degreef, 1991). The `archicortical' trend is distinct from the `paleocortical' trend, which is more ventrally and laterally placed, and in which the most primitive cytoarchitectonic representative is the olfactory cortex, with higher levels of development reflected in the peri-insular (intermediate) and ventral neocortices including the orbital frontal cortex (most developed). Sanides' early studies have been supported by modern anatomical studies of both long- and short-range connectivity patterns, and by patterns of laminar organization (Pandya and Barnes, 1987; Yeterian and Pandya, 1988). With the aid of anterograde and retrograde tracers, Pandya and colleagues have detailed the efferent and afferent projections of the ventral (`paleocortical') and dorsal (`archicortical') subdivisions (Pandya and Yeterian, 1985; Barbas and Pandya, 1989) and demonstrated that the predictions of the dual cytoarchitectonic trends theory are well supported, both by the organized patterns of connectivity between levels of development within a specific trend, and by the connections between the two trends, which honor levels of cytoarchitectonic differentiation. The `dual trends' model may provide a neuroanatomic framework onto which general cerebral autoregulatory systems and specific attentional control functions can be mapped, and which have special relevance for understanding schizophrenia (Bilder, 1997). We hypothesized that the `archicortical' trend is responsible for tonic, redundancy-biased activation of cortical networks for the stable execution of task-relevant, projectional control functions; while the ventral `paleocortical' trend is responsible for phasic, novelty-biased arousal, particularly by environmental exigencies, in a responsive control mode, yielding flexibility in network state selection (Bilder and Szeszko, 1996; Bilder, 1997). We suggested previously that the dual trends model may have particular relevance for the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia (Bilder and Degreef, 1991; Bilder and Szeszko, 1996; Bilder, 1997). Neuropsychological dysfunction consistent with defects in the `archicortical' trend has been identified on tests assessing spatial working memory (Park and Holzman, 1992), verbal fluency (Yurgelun-Todd et al., 1996), set-shifting (Bilder et al., 1992), smooth pursuit eye movement (MacAvoy and Bruce, 1995) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Berman et al., 1986 and Berman et al., 1988; Weinberger et al., 1986 and Weinberger et al., 1988). Evidence of dysfunction consistent with defects in the `paleocortical' trend comes from olfactory studies demonstrating impaired identification ability in the presence of intact acuity (Kopala et al., 1989 and Kopala et al., 1992) and findings of object alternation deficits (Seidman et al., 1995). Elsewhere we have described how this model could help explain how the syndrome can be marked by extremes of attentional dyscontrol, with excesses of cognitive rigidity and lability occurring within individual cases (Bilder and Degreef, 1991; Bilder and Szeszko, 1996; Bilder, 1997). One goal in this study was to investigate whether patients with first-episode schizophrenia had volumetric abnormalities in discrete frontal lobe subregions as measured from MR images using methods for cortical parcellation adapted from Rademacher et al. (1992). We used the dual trends theory as the basis for measuring frontal lobe subregions representative of `archicortical' (i.e. superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus) and `paleocortical' (i.e. orbital frontal region) trends. Although there is neuropsychological evidence of both `archicortical' and `paleocortical' dysfunction in schizophrenia, little research has been directed at understanding whether brain structure volumes in these two trends are associated with one another, which could inform neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia. Thus, another study goal was to investigate the relationship between `archicortical' and `paleocortical' brain structure volumes in patients. Additionally, we investigated whether specific groups of symptoms (i.e. positive, negative or disorganization) were associated with volumes in either trend.