دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 3814
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

توضیح پرداخت مبتنی بر تیم : یک چشم انداز اقتضایی بر اساس چرخه عمر سازمانی، طراحی تیم، و ادبیات یادگیری سازمانی

عنوان انگلیسی
Explaining Team-Based Pay: A Contingency Perspective Based on the Organizational Life Cycle, Team Design, and Organizational Learning Literatures
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
3814 2000 21 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Human Resource Management Review, Volume 10, Issue 3, Autumn 2000, Pages 249–269

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
یادگیری سازمانی - طراحی تیم - چرخه عمر سازمانی - دیدگاه اقتضایی
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  توضیح پرداخت مبتنی بر تیم : یک چشم انداز اقتضایی بر اساس چرخه عمر سازمانی،  طراحی تیم، و ادبیات یادگیری سازمانی

چکیده انگلیسی

Using a contingency perspective that combines the organizational life cycle, team design, and organizational learning literatures, a total of 12 propositions are developed to explain and predict the application of team-based pay in organizations. In essence, this article argues that financial capabilities (associated with various stages in the life cycle) and human capital capabilities (represented by factors leading to an organization's absorptive capacity) should have a major impact on the application of team-based pay. It is also expected that situational favorableness for team pay (as determined by team task design) should influence the likelihood of its application in an organization.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Organizations are increasingly relying on teams for producing important activities and processes that improve organizational performance (Lawler, Mohrman, & Ledford, 1995). Teams offer organizations that use them some attractive advantages. Teams have been used to reduce cycle times for producing a product or delivering a service, reduce costs and improve quality, increase the rate of innovation, and span organizational boundaries by getting closer to customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders Ancona & Caldwell, 1992, Eisenhardt & Tabrizi, 1995 and Goodman & Leyden, 1991. As the design of work in organizations shifts to having a greater emphasis on collective performance based on the output of the team, organization pay systems may need to be re-aligned. The traditional organization pay system in the U.S. that recognizes only individual employee contributions with pay based on merit or seniority is likely to discourage important team behaviors such as information sharing and cooperation. Despite the emphasis on individual-based pay systems in the U.S., which reflects a highly individualistic cultural orientation (Gomez-Mejia & Welbourne, 1991), there is a growing interest in industry to recognize team achievements with pay (Gross, 1995). There is a need for both compensation scholars and practitioners to understand the types of situations most favorable for the use of team-based pay (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992). At present, most of the available published work done on team-based pay comes from the practitioner literature consisting of case histories of team-based pay (Zingheim & Schuster, 1997) or approaches used by consultants such as The Hay Group to implement team-based pay in different organizations (Gross, 1995). These studies take a descriptive approach to team pay but do not reveal the nature of the deeper underlying relationships between team pay and other organization variables. The purpose of this article is to develop some testable theoretical propositions that are likely to contribute to advances to our understanding of the conditions that are supportive for the application of team-based pay in firms. We will begin by defining what we mean by a team. A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993). Team members can be expected to interact with each other on a regular basis. Teams differ from groups because group members are more likely to be working towards individual performance goals, whereas members of a team are mutually accountable to each other and work towards a collective goal. Another difference between groups and teams is that groups have less autonomy and are more closely supervised than teams (Banker, Field, Schroeder, & Sinha, 1996). The size of a team can vary from as small as two employees to an upper bound of about 25 people. Team-based pay rewards employees for the outcome produced by the team. Examples of team-based pay could include a commission that is shared between several members of a sales force that collaborated to sell a commercial real estate property, a cash bonus for a product development team of software engineers that delivered a bug-free program on time to the market, or a work team that achieves a higher level of competency for all team members and is rewarded with a higher level of pay (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 1998). For example, Aetna, a financial services company, uses teams that focus on providing high quality service to customer. A team that provides exceptional customer service can be singled out to receive a small monetary cash reward that provides immediate recognition of team performance (Balkin, Dolan, & Forgues, 1997). Using a contingency paradigm, we will apply theoretical perspectives from the organizational life cycle, team task design, and organizational learning literatures to improve our understanding of the conditions supportive of the application of team-based pay

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

We began this article by noting the lack of a theoretical foundation for understanding the conditions that support the application of team-based pay across firms. We then used key ideas from the organizational life cycle, learning, and innovation literatures to present a series of propositions, which comprise a contingency model for explaining the occurrence of team-based pay across organizations. In essence, our article argues that the financial capabilities (associated with various stages in the life cycle) and human capital capabilities (represented by factors leading to an organization's absorptive capacity) should have a major impact on the application of team-based pay. Further, it suggests that situational favorableness for team pay (as determined by team task design) should influence the likelihood of its application in an organization. We consider the propositions presented in this article as an initial sketch for a formal theory. As far as we know, this article represents the first attempt to produce such a theory for explaining organizational differences in the use of team-based pay. However, we consider the set of 12 propositions presented here to have value for scholars and practitioners alike. Scholars should find in this article the baseline for developing further theories on the subject and, perhaps more importantly, for conducting systematic research on organizational differences in the application of team-based pay. For practitioners, our article highlights the importance of considering their organization's financial and human capital capabilities before attempting to develop team-based pay schemes. While this article attempts to explain the application of team-based pay in organizations, we recognize that further theory development on team-based pay is needed. In particular, the next step of theory development should focus on explaining the selection of the type of team-based pay plan that is most appropriate for a specific context in an organization. For example, we suspect that a project team of software designers would be likely to receive a different type of team-based pay than a work team that is organized to provide customer service in a fast-food restaurant. For future research, we would like to suggest that scholars work towards developing models that predict the size, form, and incentive mix (the relative importance of team-based pay among individual-based and other collective incentives) of team-based pay.