Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder without a recommended first-line treatment. Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) is showing great promise in helping patients reduce cognitive inflexibility and excessive detail focus, thinking styles that could make engaging in psychological therapies difficult. CRT has shown to be effective, feasible and acceptable in both individual and group formats, and positive qualitative data has been gathered from both service users and clinicians. The aim of the current study was to assess the use of CRT as a self-help treatment for individuals with AN delivered in collaboration with carers. Six families underwent a six-week self-help CRT intervention. Feedback was gathered from qualitative interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Neuropsychological outcomes were also collected. Participant feedback regarding the intervention was generally positive, with participants describing a number of benefits such as it creating a space for families to spend time together outside of the eating disorder, acting as a ‘gateway’ for more emotional work and helping participants to gain insight into their cognitive profiles. These preliminary findings suggest that self-help CRT delivered in collaboration with carers is an acceptable form of treatment, and adds to the growing literature supporting CRT for AN.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterised by persistent restriction of calorie intake, a fear of gaining weight and a disturbance in body perception (DSM-5, APA, 2013). AN carries one of the highest morbidity rates amongst mental health disorders (Arcelus et al., 2011), and is associated with significant carer stress and burden (Treasure et al., 2003 and Graap et al., 2008). Despite this, there is currently no established first-line treatment for AN (Bulik et al., 2007). One reason psychological treatments may be less than optimal for this disorder could be due to inefficient information-processing systems that have been observed within this population (Treasure and Schmidt, 2013). Both clinical observations and robust experimental evidence have identified a certain neuropsychological profile marked by inefficient set shifting (i.e., cognitive inflexibility) and weak central coherence (i.e., poor global processing with excessive bias towards detail) in adults with AN (e.g. Tchanturia et al., 2012a and Lang et al., 2014a). The data regarding the neuropsychological profile of children and adolescents with the disorder have thus far has been inconsistent (Lang et al., 2013 and Lang and Tchanturia, 2014b). Some studies have demonstrated worse performance by children with AN compared to healthy controls on neuropsychological tasks (McAnarney et al., 2012 and Andres-Perpina et al., 2011), whereas some have shown comparable performances (Sarrar et al., 2011 and Rose et al., 2014). There is also evidence of a genetic component, as inefficient cognitive processing has also been shown to be present in unaffected sisters of those with AN (Heaton et al., 1993 and Roberts et al., 2011) as well as some preliminary evidence of their presence in unaffected parents. Goddard reported that mothers with offspring with EDs demonstrated a strong bias toward detail-focussed processing coupled with poor global integration, as well as showing lower levels of cognitive flexibility in comparison to mothers of healthy offspring (Goddard, unpublished Ph.D. thesis). These experimental observations within the adult AN literature have been translated back into clinical practice and as a consequence, Cognitive Remediation Therapy for AN (CRT) has been developed to tackle these underlying mechanisms (Tchanturia, 2014a; Tchanturia et al., 2013), and is showing great potential as an effective and highly acceptable treatment. CRT targets thinking styles seen in AN, such as cognitive inflexibility and excessive focus on detail, without discussions about eating disorder symptom-related issues. It uses cognitive exercises to encourage a more flexible thinking style, as well as bigger picture thinking. Randomised controlled trials indicate improvements in cognitive processing post-intervention (Brockmeyer et al., 2014, Dingemans et al., 2014 and Lock et al., 2013; for reviews, Tchanturia et al., 2014b and Dahlgren and Rø, 2014) and group CRT is also well received (Genders and Tchanturia, 2010 and Pretorius et al., 2012). There is also positive preliminary evidence of its benefit with children and adolescents with AN (Wood et al., 2011, Pretorius et al., 2012 and Dahlgren et al., 2013). In addition to improvements in neuropsychological function, important information regarding individual׳s experiences of the treatment has also been sought.
Qualitative analyses of patients׳ and therapists׳ end of therapy letters demonstrate that both parties feel positive about CRT, acknowledging improvements in motivation and neuropsychological function (Whitney et al., 2008 and Easter and Tchanturia, 2011). In addition, qualitative feedback has demonstrated that clinicians feel that CRT is a powerful engagement tool that can be used to work with patients in a light-hearted and fun manner (Lounes and Tchanturia, 2014).
CRT׳s potential in individual and group formats, combined with the positive feedback received from both patients and clinicians suggest that it could be important to develop this resource further in the context of a family intervention (Lask, 2014). Another potential avenue that remains unexplored is the extension of CRT for AN to a self-help format. Cost effective treatment modalities, such as self-help, that can increase accessibility to services for patients as well as reducing costs relating to clinician input are very attractive in today׳s health service. Similarly, it is of increasing value to involve family and carers more in treatments for AN, as reducing carer stress and burden levels can lead to better coping abilities and ultimately lead to better treatment outcomes (Goddard, and Goddard et al., 2011).
The aim of the current study was therefore to assess the feasibility and acceptability of CRT through a self-help format to be delivered in collaboration with carers. This was evaluated through a pilot study using both qualitative and experimental measure
