بازخورد منفی و عملکرد: اثر تعدیل تنظیم احساسات

Whereas prior research has shown that individual differences in emotion regulation have important implications for relationships, affect and well-being, we investigated whether such individual differences also impact how people respond to negative feedback. Participants completed an ambiguous test on which they would be unable to gauge their performance. Some participants were told that they performed poorly, while others were told that they performed slightly above average. Participants then completed a second test that ostensibly measured a similar construct. Finally, after taking part in an unrelated task, participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) to assess reappraisal (thinking about a situation to change its emotional impact) and suppression (inhibiting emotion-expressive behavior). Among reappraisers, those who received negative feedback completed the second test more quickly and performed better than did such people who received moderate feedback. No such effects were found among suppressors. These findings suggest that individual differences in reappraisal and suppression are meaningful in terms of how negative feedback affects subsequent cognitive performance.

People use a variety of strategies to manage or regulate their emotions. According to the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998), emotion response tendencies are coordinated responses that involve changes in expressive behavior, subjective experience and physiological systems (Gross and John, 2003 and John and Gross, 2004). Emotion response tendencies are elicited only by situations evaluated as significant, such that they offer rewarding opportunities or aversive threats (Frijda, 1986). Once generated, emotion response tendencies can be modulated (Gross and John, 2003 and John and Gross, 2004), which will ultimately shape the observable emotional response. The process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998) categorizes emotion regulation strategies according to when they impact this process, whether during the evaluation of potential emotional situations or during the modulation of response tendencies.