تغییرات فاکتورهای فردی، همسالان و خانوادگی تغییرات سطح محله در مصرف الکل، سیگار، سیگار و مصرف ماری جوانا

Community-level programs that increase social cohesion among neighbors, neighborhood monitoring of deviant behaviors, and better policing of open drug selling may prevent ATOD use. Programs should also target RSE and minimize affiliations with peers who use ATOD, which could reduce the magnitude of the association with ATOD, even for adolescents living in the most at-risk neighborhoods.