تغییراتRSA دینامیکی کودکان در طول خشم و ارتباط آن با پدر و مادر، خلق و خو و کنترل خشونت

This study examined the moderating effects of child temperament on the association between maternal socialization and 4–6-year-old children's dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) change in response to anger-themed emotional materials (N = 180). We used latent growth curve modeling to explore adaptive patterns of dynamic RSA change in response to anger. Greater change in RSA during anger-induction, characterized by more initial RSA suppression and a subsequent return to baseline, was related to children's better regulation of aggression. For anger-themed materials, low levels of authoritarian parenting predicted more RSA suppression and recovery for more anger-prone children, whereas more authoritative parenting predicted more RSA suppression and recovery for less anger-prone children. These findings suggest that children's adaptive patterns of dynamic RSA change can be characterized by latent growth curve modeling, and that these patterns may be differentially shaped by parent socialization experiences as a function of child temperament.

Variation in the functioning of physiological systems likely underlies individual differences in the development of emotion regulation (Porges, 2007). One such system is reflected in parasympathetic regulation of cardiovascular activity, which has been linked to young children's ability to regulate their emotions (Beauchaine, 2001 and Porges, 2007). How best to model parasympathetic regulation as a dynamic phenomenon remains an issue (Brooker and Buss, 2010). In addition, parental socialization and child temperament have been identified as important contributors to children's emotion regulation (Eisenberg et al., 2001), but how these factors jointly contribute to parasympathetic regulation of emotion is unclear. Some research suggests that it is important to consider the moderating effects of child temperament on the relation between parenting and adjustment, including physiological regulation of different emotion states, although few studies have considered this approach to date. In addition, some researchers have argued for the need for methods that are more sensitive to the temporal aspects of physiological regulation. We investigated whether modeling parasympathetic change over the course of anger-induction was related to better behavioral regulation of anger in the form of control of aggression.

This study presented a possible method for capturing temporal aspects, in addition to measuring magnitude, of children's RSA change during an emotional event as it unfolds over time. We found evidence for nonlinear change in RSA over time in response to anger, and for significant individual differences in children's dynamic RSA change, and we showed that this change was related to children's regulation of anger-states in the form of control of aggression. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for a biopsychosocial model of children's developing physiological regulation of emotion. The extent to which children had anger-prone temperaments moderated the associations between their parenting experiences and dynamic RSA change in ways that provided partial support for the differential susceptibility to the environment hypothesis.