ابعاد کنترل روانشناختی والدین: ارتباطات با پرخاشگری فیزیکی و رابطه پیش دبستانی در روسیه

Research indicates that distress tolerance exhibits a complicated relationship with risk factors for suicidal behavior. Specifically, low self-reported distress tolerance has been linked to perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Contrastingly, high self-reported distress tolerance has been linked to the acquired capability for suicide. Given the frequently discrepant findings between self-report and behavioral indices of distress tolerance, we sought to expand upon prior findings by testing these relationships utilizing a behavioral measure of distress tolerance. Additionally, in an effort to further clarify the role of distress tolerance relative to painful and/or provocative experiences in the acquired capability, we examined whether distress tolerance serves as a moderator. Results revealed no significant associations between distress tolerance and burdensomeness or belongingness; however, distress tolerance was positively associated with the acquired capability. Furthermore, the interaction of distress tolerance and painful and/or provocative experiences significantly predicted the acquired capability, with the strength of the association increasing at higher levels of distress tolerance. Results highlight the potential importance of perceived versus actual ability to tolerate distress with respect to suicidal desire. In contrast, the results reflect the importance of actual persistence in the acquired capability.

Distress tolerance, typically defined as the self-reported or behaviorally-demonstrated capacity to persist while experiencing aversive experiential states (e.g., Simons and Gaher, 2005), has been associated with a number of clinically meaningful outcomes. Low distress tolerance in particular has been implicated in a range of maladaptive behaviors, including binge eating, substance use, gambling, and non-suicidal self-injury (e.g., Anestis et al., 2007; Buckner et al., 2007; Daughters et al., 2008; Nock and Mendes, 2008). Furthermore, low levels of distress tolerance have also been linked to a number of specific mental illnesses, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010) and borderline personality disorder (BPD; Linehan, 1993). Recently, researchers have investigated the potential role of distress tolerance in suicidality as considered through the lens of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS; Joiner, 2005; see Van Orden et al., 2010 for a thorough review of the theoretical and empirical foundations of the IPTS) and early results have demonstrated a fairly complicated relationship. Specifically, whereas low levels of distress tolerance have been shown to be associated with higher levels of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (Anestis et al., 2011a; Anestis et al., 2011b), higher levels of distress tolerance have been shown to be associated with the acquired capability for suicide (Anestis et al., 2011a; Bender et al., 2011), a variable theorized to be necessary for suicidal desire to result in serious or lethal suicidal behavior. The acquired capability is theorized to involve habituation to both physiological pain and the fear of death and bodily harm and the habituation process is posited to unfold in response to repeated encounters with painful and/or provocative events. In this sense, an individual is thought to develop the ability to enact lethal self-harm as a result of life experiences that change his or her relationship to pain and the fears associated with self-inflicted bodily harm. The above mentioned findings related to distress tolerance and the IPTS constructs appear to indicate that low levels of distress tolerance may increase vulnerability for numerous dysregulated behaviors and suicidal desire. At the same time, however, the inability to persist during aversive experiential states may actually serve as an obstacle in the acquisition of the capacity for enacting lethal self-harm, as individuals with low distress tolerance may be more inclined to opt for behaviors that offer immediate relief from negative affect without the likely increase in fear and physiological discomfort associated with suicidal behavior in general and serious or lethal suicidal behavior in particular. Within the distress tolerance literature, a line of research has emerged in recent years indicating that, although self-report distress tolerance measures are typically significantly associated with one another and behavioral measures of distress tolerance are typically significantly associated with one another, self-report and behavioral measures generally do not demonstrate significant relationships with one another (e.g., Anestis et al., 2011b; Bernstein et al., in press; McHugh et al., 2011). Unfortunately, this renders comparisons of findings across distress tolerance studies somewhat difficult and increases the need for replications across forms of measurement. As such, the purpose of this study was to replicate and expand upon the findings of Anestis et al. (2011a), who found that self-reported distress tolerance was negatively associated with suicidal desire but positively associated with the acquired capability. To do this, we utilized a behavioral measure of distress tolerance in an effort to clarify the degree to which the findings of Anestis et al. (2011a) can be understood within the context of other empirical investigations. Along these lines, we hypothesized that low levels of behaviorally-indexed distress tolerance would be associated with greater levels of both thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness whereas higher levels of behaviorally-indexed distress tolerance would be associated with greater levels of the acquired capability for suicide. To further expand upon prior findings and clarify the nature of the relationship between distress tolerance and the acquired capability relative to that of painful and provocative experiences (the proposed primary mechanism through which the capacity to enact lethal self-harm is posited to develop), we also examined a potential moderating relationship. Specifically, we hypothesized that the relationship between painful and provocative events and the acquired capability would increase in magnitude with increasing levels of behaviorally-indexed distress tolerance. Such findings would indicate that, although environmental experiences largely influence an individual's acquired capability, their impact on that capacity is stronger in individuals who are better able to persist while experiencing distress.