دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 28736
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

ارزیابی رفتار سازه تراورس های چوب گلولم برزیل زمانی که تسلیم بار استاتیک شده است

عنوان انگلیسی
Structural behavior evaluation of Brazilian glulam wood sleepers when submitted to static load
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
28736 2012 10 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Construction and Building Materials, Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 334–343

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
تجزیه و تحلیل تنش تجربی - تراورس های چوبی - گلولم - راه آهن
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Experimental stress analysis, Wooden sleepers, Glulam, Railroads
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  ارزیابی رفتار سازه تراورس های چوب گلولم برزیل زمانی که تسلیم بار استاتیک شده است

چکیده انگلیسی

This work is about the behavior evaluation of structural wooden sleepers through experimental stress analysis. The wood used for the glulam sleeper was Eucalyptus Citriodora with 9.9 kN/m3 density. The experimental program includes the assay system assembly which simulates the real situation. The static loading assay determined the deformations, through strain gages (single-element gage, two-element gage and three-element rosettes), and the displacements along the sleeper, using linear displacement transducers. Applying the elasticity theory for orthotropic materials, tensions in various parts of the sleeper were determined until 200 kN load limit and compared with a numerical model that uses MEF. The results are acceptable. The Brazilian glulam wood sleeper has a elevated performance as the collapse maximum load, when compared with predicted formula values presented by several researchers, was 110% higher.

مقدمه انگلیسی

The rail transport system has been used since the beginning of the XIX century in Europe. In Brazil, the first railroad built was the Mauá Railroad in 1854 [1]. In 1820, the sleepers, or crossties, were made from stone blocks but later they were banned and replaced by wood due to hardness problems and their inability to hold the railway gage. The reason to choose wood as a replacement material is because its lower mass compared to stones being easier to handle, easier to install while has good insulate properties, as well as a capacity to resist to high vibrations. In Brazil, are normally used high density wood sleepers [2]. In the US, they are manufactured with hard treated wood, while in Europe they are usually made of concrete [3]. Concrete sleepers have a more defined geometry which allows better alignment and standardized measures. However, they are relatively more expensive than wood sleepers, even being designed for a 40 years life time in service [4]. In contrast, steel sleepers have a superior resistance and longer durability than wood and concrete sleepers but, due to its high cost, they are moderately used [5]. Studies have indicated that wood is being used and will continue to be used as railroad sleepers [6]. The main reasons for this are: (a) adequate availability of timber resources; (b) experience that track engineers and maintenance crews have with wood sleepers; (c) compatibility of existing track equipment with wood sleepers; and (d) manufacturing and handling simplicity. Wood sleepers are cost-effective in relation to concrete and steel sleepers and their field-performance has been reasonably acceptable [3]. Some wood sleepers disadvantages are known nowadays. The most important is that they are susceptible to xylophages organisms attack that could lead to its collapse. On the other hand, the damage caused by the load distribution plaque [7] (crushing to the normal fiber compression) and by the gravel (abrasion) combined with wood fissures, caused by wood drying, results in the sleepers premature collapse and its consequent service removal. This is evidence for a need to develop modern technologies improving the performance and increasing the life time in service of wood sleepers. According to Qiao et al. [3], many efforts are been made to improve the wood sleepers performance such as the use of more efficient and ecological preservatives and screws to avoid wood fissures. Reinforcement with fiberglass grille (FPR) increases considerably the rigidity and the resistance of wood sleepers however, a special concern should be taken in the glued interface resistance which is influenced by the wood surface texture and by the characteristics of the resin used [8] and [9]. A typical railroad track consists on four main elements: sub-grade, ballast, sleepers (or crossties) tie-plates and connectors, and two parallel steel rails. The sleeper is the key element among these structural components. The main functions of the sleepers are: (a) transfer and distribute the rail loads to the ballast, (b) transversely secure the rail and maintain them to correct gage-width and (c) resist the cutting and abrading actions of bearing plates and ballast material. The sleeper sizing as a structural element according to Rives et al. [10] is a notable difficult problem, which brings us to use close methodologies. Two aspects of the problem are needed to know: the ultimate loads transmitted by the rail and the reaction forces due to ballast. As the vertical load is the main influence parameter affecting the railway, it is usually consider alone to the sleepers static load analysis. One of the most commonly used methods to determine the maximum force transmitted to the sleepers is the Eisenmann method that uses the Eq. (1), [1]. equation(1) View the MathML sourcePma´x=(Q·a)2·bd·c4·E·I4·1+t·δ·1+V-60140 Turn MathJax on where View the MathML sourcePma´x is the load on rail basis (kN); Q is the applied load per wheel (kN); a is the spacing between sleepers (cm); bd is the sleeper’s width (cm); c is the compact range (cm); E is the modulus of elasticity (kN/cm2); I is the inertia moment (cm4); t is the multiplier factor, tabled value, dimensionless; δ is the coefficient that depends on the track conditions, dimensionless; and V is the speed (km/h). The authors indicated that the maximum force on the rail basis shall be increased in 40% or 50% due to the superposition of the other railroad trucks [11] and [12]. In this study glued laminated wood (glulam) sleepers were used, manufactured with high density eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus Citriodora with 10 kN/m3 basic average density) and a water resistant adhesive (resin resorcinol formaldehyde). The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the structural behavior of E. Citriodora glulam sleepers when submitted to static load, through experimental stress analysis using uniaxial electrical extensometers (SG), rectangular rosettes (SGR) and displacement transducers (DT) to determine tension distribution and deformations through the sleeper. Aiming to reproduce the real conditions, a wood box was used filled with sand (20 cm depth) simulating the sub-grade with gravel number 3 (41 cm depth) to simulate the ballast bed. Using ANSYS, version 9.0 Software, the numerical simulation analysis found the highest deformation and stress points to a static load produced by 115-RE rail type (AREMA standard steel rails), where electrical strain gages, bi-axial and tri-axial rosettes have been installed and the data collected. The tension and displacement experimental values were compared to the numerical values.

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

The sleeper behaved as expected, assuming the “W” shape and had displacements inferior to the predicted in the numerical analysis by ANSYS 9.0. The electrical strain-gages and the rosettes located near to the sleeper’s inferior face in the region right under the rail (R2) were the devices that presented the highest deformations as there is a high stress flux in that region. However, it was extremely inferior to the wood resistance. The use of numerical analysis with ANSYS version 9.0 Software enabled a comparison and showed some differences between its results and the ones obtained in the static tests. Conversely, they can be considered acceptable once, in the numerical analysis, the sleeper was considered as a single solid and not as a glulam sleeper and (ballast and sub-grade) considered as a linear. The sleeper collapse load was rather superior to the scaled load (111%), indicating a glulam sleeper high performance.