انگیختگی ادراکی ایجاد حافظه های جدید اپیزودیک را بهبود می بخشد

This study quantitatively compared authoritarianism and gender roles of 51 Israeli football players, 50 basketball players, 41 non-athletes and their wives (mean age = 27 years). As hypothesized, we found significant positive intercorrelations among RWA, anti-feminist attitudes, masculine traits, and interest in male-typical occupational and hobby preferences among men. Football players were more authoritarian, anti-feminist, religious, supportive of the political right, masculine, and interested in male-typical occupations and hobbies. The greatest authoritarianism, feminism, political right attitudes, and religiosity differences were found between the football players and their wives, and the football players’ wives were significantly more authoritarian, anti-feminist, and politically rightist, than both the wives of the basketball players and those of the non-athletes. Football is discussed as a politically right wing subculture that perpetuates traditional gender roles.

The relationship between football (“soccer”) players and their wives draws both media and research attention. The British television drama Footballers’ Wives surrounded a fictional Premier League association football club, its players, and their wives, and has become popular worldwide. Clayton and Harris (2004) examined the media image of some of the women associated with professional football players in England by conducting a textual analysis of multiple media sources. The results connect media portrayals of, and narratives about, the image of football players’ partners with the social reproduction of masculine hegemony, exploring the role of the beautiful, erotic and yet devoted and supportive, woman. Jones (2008) interviewed 38 female fans at English men’s football matches and analyzed their responses to abusive or insulting behavior by male fans. Women expressed disgust at abuse, sometimes redefining fandom to exclude abusers, downplayed sexism, and embraced gender stereotypes. Clayton and Humberstone (2006) analyzed the conversations of male university football players in the UK and identified three predominant topics: academic studies, alcohol consumption, and women. Cushion and Jones (2006) showed how an authoritarian discourse is established and maintained, and how accompanying behaviors are misrecognized as legitimate in a football club. Dru’s (2002) dogmatism and competitive relationships study between soccer teams described out-group authoritarian intolerance. Football is played in open spaces and does not require special equipment and therefore has become popular worldwide in neighborhoods of low-medium socioeconomic status (SES) and created an upward mobility channel. In Israel, it opened opportunities for low SES individuals, Sephardic Jews in the past and Arabs in the present. This combination is of particular special interest in the context of a study on the effects of authoritarianism, as low SES Sephardic Jews hold extreme anti-Arab attitudes in Israel. The present study applies a quantitative comparison of Israeli football to basketball players and to a control group of non-athletes. Furthermore, we compare authoritarianism and gender roles of the participants to those