تجزیه و تحلیل بهره وری و کارایی صنایع تولیدی اندونزی

This study estimates the technical efficiencies and total factor productivity (TFP) growths in food, textile, chemical and metal products industries from 1993 to 2000 in Indonesia by using the stochastic frontier model. Furthermore, the determinants of inefficiency are also analyzed and TFP growth is decomposed into technological progress, a scale component, and efficiency growth. The results reveal that the food, textile, chemical and metal products sectors are on average 50.79%, 47.89%, 68.65% and 68.91% technically efficient, respectively. It is noted that ownership contributed to technical inefficiencies in the food sector; location and size contributed to technical inefficiencies in the textile sector, whereas size, ownership and age contributed to inefficiencies in the chemical and metal products sectors. We note that productivity in food, textile, and metal products sectors decreased at the rate of 2.73%, 0.26%, and 1.65%, respectively, but increased at a rate of 0.5% in the chemical sector. The decomposition of TFP growth indicates that the growths are driven positively by technical efficiency changes and negatively by technological progress in all four sectors.

In their path breaking articles, Aigner, Lovell, and Schmidt (1977) and Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977) introduced the use of stochastic frontier models to estimate technical efficiency in manufacturing firms. Since then many authors (e.g., Battese & Coelli, 1988; Kumbhakar, 1990; Pitt & Lee, 1981) extended their analysis of the stochastic frontier to panel data models which allows the estimation of time varying technical efficiency. The application of stochastic frontier models has also spread from manufacturing to other sectors (e.g., agriculture, financial and other services). There have been many studies devoted to the manufacturing industries, e.g., Marcos and Galvez (2000) studied technical efficiency of Spanish manufacturing firms from 1990 to 1994; Mahadevan (2000) estimated technical efficiency of 28 Singaporean manufacturing industries from 1975 to 1994; Mini and Rodriguez (2000) estimated efficiency for Philippine manufacturing firms in 1994; Kaynak and Pagan (2003) estimated technical efficiency of U.S. manufacturing industries; Kim (2003) estimated sources of efficiency in Korean manufacturing industry and Wadud (2004) studied efficiency in Australian textile and clothing firms. The relationship between firm's efficiency and its size and age was studied by Lundvall and Battese (2000) for Kenyan manufacturing industry and noted that the relationship between efficiency and firm age is not significant.

In this study, technical efficiencies and total factor productivity growths in food, textile, chemical and metal products sectors in Indonesia during 1993–2000 are estimated by using the stochastic frontier model. The results indicate that average technical efficiency of all the four sectors was 55.87%. It indicates that firms in these four sectors, on average, were operating only 55.87% of their potential outputs. In the food sector, the average technical efficiency was 50.79%. This result is almost identical to the average efficiency of Singaporean food industry between 1976 and 1994 which was 52.2% (Mahadevan, 2000). The average technical efficiency in the textile sector was the lowest among four sectors, i.e., 47.89%. However, this result is lower than the 66% efficiency obtained for the Indonesian garment industry by Battese et al. (2001) over the period 1990–1995. The average efficiencies for the chemical and metal products sectors are almost the same, i.e., 68.65% and 68.91%, respectively. Annual growth rates of technical efficiencies suggest that all four sectors were affected by the Asian crisis. In all sectors, the growth rates of efficiencies after the Asian Crisis (1998–2000) were smaller than the growth rates before the Asian Crisis (1994–1997) hit Indonesia. The average growth rate for these four sectors over the period 1998–2000 was 3.22% per annum, but before the crisis it was 4.62% per annum. As far as the factors contributing to inefficiencies are concerned, it is noted that except for the food sector, larger firms are more efficient, but the inefficiencies are invariant to regional location (east versus west) of the firm. In general, we note that private firms are more efficient than the public firms except for the textile sector, but the age of a firm had almost no effect on the efficiencies.This result is in line with the finding of Lundvall and Battese (2000) for Kenyan manufacturing efficiencies.