سه گانه تاریک و خودعینیتی خصلتی به عنوان پیش بینی کننده استفاده مردانه و رفتارهای خودارائه گری در شبکه های اجتماعی

Abstract An online survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. men aged 18–40 assessed trait predictors of social networking site use as well as two forms of visual self-presentation: editing one’s image in photographs posted on social networking sites (SNSs) and posting “selfies,” or pictures users take of themselves. We examined the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and trait self-objectification as predictors. Self-objectification and narcissism predicted time spent on SNSs. Narcissism and psychopathy predicted the number of selfies posted, whereas narcissism and self-objectification predicted editing photographs of oneself posted on SNSs. We discuss selective self-presentation processes on social media and how these traits may influence interpersonal relationship development in computer-mediated communication.

1. Introduction Social networking websites (SNSs) have become an integral channel for communication and self-expression in the lives of many. The SNS Facebook has become ubiquitous with over 1 billion users worldwide, 700 million of which access the site daily (Facebook, 2014). Instagram, owned by Facebook, hosts over 1 billion photographs posted by their 200 million users, one-third of whom use the site multiple times a day (Instagram, 2014 and Pew Internet, 2013). Twitter hosts over 250 million active users; nearly half access the site daily, and nearly a quarter visit multiple times a day (Pew Internet, 2013 and Twitter, 2014). Although several studies have delved into trait predictors of SNS use, there are consistent shortcomings. First, most use college samples (e.g., Amichai-Hamburger and Vinitzky, 2010, Ross et al., 2009 and Seidman, 2013) or nonrepresentative samples collected via online posts, often from college snowball samples (e.g., Carpenter, 2012, Hughes et al., 2012 and Ryan and Xenos, 2011), limiting the generalizability of these findings. Second, existing research has largely investigated the Big 5 traits (Amichai-Hamburger and Vinitzky, 2010, Hughes et al., 2012, Ross et al., 2009 and Seidman, 2013), narcissism (Carpenter, 2012, Panek et al., 2013 and Ryan and Xenos, 2011), and shyness and loneliness (Baker and Oswald, 2010 and Ryan and Xenos, 2011). Other traits relevant to social interaction on SNSs remain unexamined. Finally, although considerable research has examined text posts and traditional photographs on SNSs, technological practices continuously evolve. At this time, limited research has parsed apart the use of photo editing software to manipulate one’s self-presentation or the relatively new phenomenon of “selfies” (i.e., pictures of oneself taken by oneself). Given that those high on Dark Triad traits manipulate their physical appearance to achieve social gains (Holtzman and Strube, 2013 and Jonason et al., 2014) and that pictures are considered a key channel for communicating social information on SNSs (Kapidzic, 2013), investigating the trait predictors of these behaviors is the first step in examining their role in the social media environment.

. Results Correlations between variables can be viewed in Table 1. The final regression models, including all significant predictors and control variables, can be viewed in Table 2. An examination of variance inflation factors indicated multicollinearity was not an issue in any of the models. Table 1. Correlations between variables. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Trait self-objectification – .25⁎⁎⁎ .10⁎⁎ .07 −.07⁎ .13⁎⁎⁎ .03 .07 .15⁎⁎⁎ 2. Narcissism – .50⁎⁎⁎ .43⁎⁎⁎ −.06 .19⁎⁎⁎ .09⁎⁎ .19⁎⁎⁎ .19⁎⁎⁎ 3. Machiavellianism – .68⁎⁎⁎ −.11⁎⁎⁎ .13⁎⁎⁎ .08⁎ .17⁎⁎⁎ .15⁎⁎⁎ 4. Psychoticism – −.09⁎⁎ .09⁎⁎ .07⁎ .17⁎⁎⁎ .10⁎⁎ 5. Age – −.14⁎⁎⁎ .03 −.04 −.09⁎ 6. Time on SNSs – .15⁎⁎⁎ .19⁎⁎⁎ .21⁎⁎⁎ 7. Photos taken – .58⁎⁎⁎ .22⁎⁎⁎ 8. Selfies posted – .27⁎⁎⁎ 9. Photo editing – ⁎ p < .05. ⁎⁎ p < .01. ⁎⁎⁎ p < .001. Table options Table 2. Summary table of regression models of predictors of time spent on SNSs, number of posted selfies, and photo editing behavior. Variable β t pr2 Time spent on SNSs Age −.12 −3.48⁎⁎⁎ −.12 Narcissism .17 4.68⁎⁎⁎ .16 Trait Self-objectification .08 2.14⁎ .08 Number of selfies Time spent on SNSs .09 2.48⁎⁎ .10 Number of other photos .50 16.44⁎⁎⁎ .51 Narcissism .09 2.77⁎⁎ .10 Psychopathy .09 2.70⁎⁎ .10 Photo editing behavior Time spent on SNSs .16 4.64⁎⁎⁎ .16 Number of selfies .23 6.75⁎⁎⁎ .23 Narcissism .14 4.14⁎⁎⁎ .15 Trait self-objectification .13 3.96⁎⁎⁎ .14 Note: Time spent on SNSs, F(3, 789) = 16.29, R = .24, adjusted R2 = .06. Number of selfies, F(4, 781) = 86.83, R = .56, adjusted R2 = .31. Photo editing behavior, F(4, 783) = 39.44, R = .41, adjusted R2 = .16. ⁎ p < .05. ⁎⁎ p < .01. ⁎⁎⁎ p ⩽ .001. Table options Trait self-objectification, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and age were all correlated with time spent on social networking sites. Controlling for age, narcissism and trait self-objectification were found to be significant predictors, supporting H1a and H4a. Psychopathy and Machiavellianism were not significant. Narcissism, psychopathy, time spent on SNSs, and number of other photos posted were correlated with the number of selfies posted. Controlling for time spent and other photos posted, narcissism and psychopathy predicted the number of selfies posted, supporting H1b and H3b. Trait self-objectification, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, age, time spent on SNSs, and number of selfies posted were correlated with editing photos of oneself posted to SNSs. Controlling for time spent on social networking sites and the number of selfies posted, the final model revealed two significant predictors of photo editing behavior. Supporting H1c and H4c, narcissism and trait self-objectification were found to be significant predictors of photo editing behaviors, whereas psychopathy and Machiavellianism were not significant predictors.