دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 33010
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

تکامل نوع دوستی محدود با انتخاب چند سطحی

عنوان انگلیسی
Evolution of parochial altruism by multilevel selection
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
33010 2011 11 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 32, Issue 4, July 2011, Pages 277–287

ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
تبعیض - درگیری گروهی - انتخاب چند سطحی - کوته نظری -
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Discrimination; Group conflict; Multilevel selection; Parochialism
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  تکامل نوع دوستی محدود با انتخاب چند سطحی

The evolution of parochial altruism is not well understood. We study this problem by considering a prisoner's dilemma game with four strategies: altruists who cooperate with everyone; parochialists who only cooperate with members of their own group; traitors who only cooperate with outgroup individuals; and egoists who never cooperate. We develop a model that allows for both assortment and conflict between groups. Individuals discriminate between in- and outgroup members. While assortment and conflict allow for the evolution of both indiscriminate and parochial altruism, discriminate behavior creates an advantage for parochialists over altruists, as the latter waste help on outgroup members. We use computer simulations to study the multilevel selection dynamics. The simulation model describes an absorbing Markov chain. We examine the absorption probabilities of altruists and parochialists. Three model versions are compared, with only assortment, with only group conflict, and with both mechanisms. We find that parochialism is selected for by group conflict as well as assortment. Discrimination allows for cooperation inside groups to withstand regular interactions with outgroup members.