طبیعت درهم و برهم وابستگی متقابل. بی ثباتی، غیر قابل تولید بودن و عدم اطمینان

With models focused on individuals in research that often fails to be reproduced, social science has been unable to generalize theory into a mathematical physics of social reality to advance the science of teams. For example, Shannon’s information theory and the social sciences, including economics, assume that individual observation of behavior records the actual behaviors that have occurred, including self-reports of behavior. In the social sciences this phenomenon allows social scientists to assume that self-reported behavior is actual behavior, justifying strictly cognitive models (but if true, self-deceiving behaviors would not exist). Many economists consider interpersonal comparisons meaningless. We claim that this focus on individuals is unsupported by the evidence, including the laboratory games agreeing with religious beliefs that cooperation provides for the best social good. At the heart of these rational, but false models, interdependence is seen as a constraint (information theory) or experimental confound (cognitive models) that must be overcome to confirm models based on individuals. But, we argue, social scientists have come to believe they understand interdependence when they do not. By replacing independent individuals with interdependent ones in quantum-like models, we have found that only a competition among teams establishes social reality; that the aggregation of neutral individuals determines the team that best captures reality; and that the best performing teams maximize their search of the environment for solutions to the problems they were designed to solve, while poorer performers seek better strategies, teammates (e.g., mergers) or to jettison weaker teammates. With our quantum-like model of interdependence, we solve an open problem to show that redundant members impede team interdependence and performance justifying our conclusion that interdependence is a resource free humans intuitively exploit to promote social welfare.