ارتباطات عصبی تنظیم احساسات در آسیب شناسی روانی

Abstract Difficulty managing the stress of conflict in close relationships can lead to mental and physical health problems, possibly through dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the neuroendocrine stress response system. Temperament, an individual characteristic, and attachment, a dyadic characteristic, have both been implicated in emotion regulation processes and physiological reactivity, yet there is no clear consensus on how the two work together to influence the stress response, especially after childhood. The present study investigated the ways in which temperament and attachment together predict HPA response in emerging adult couples. Analyses using multilevel modeling (HLM) found that partners’ dyadic fit on attachment avoidance impacted females’ cortisol response patterns, and attachment avoidance further moderated the effect of males’ emotionality on both their own and their partners’ cortisol. Results are discussed in terms of emotional coregulation processes in romantic attachment.

Introduction In the past decade, research in cognitive and affective neuroscience has begun to link neural function, cellular physiology and even molecular genetics with higher level processes that regulate emotion 1, 2 and 3. The application of this work to psychopathology has just started, providing important avenues for understanding CEI (see glossary for definition of abbreviations throughout text) in extremis, as well as the pathophysiology of psychiatric syndrome. There is probably no better demonstration of how thoughts and feelings bind together than psychiatric disorders, and the manner in which they do so provides an opportunity to understand normal CEI. In this article, we examine several psychiatric conditions in the context of CEI, focusing on the large-scale neural networks associated with the cognitive, volitional effort to modulate pathological emotions. We suggest that although a dorsal–ventral model of CEI, for example [4], characterizes much of the data, the multiple pathways by which an individual can change pathological emotion in psychotherapy requires a more complex psychological and neuroanatomical model.

Conclusion and future directions We have suggested that the dramatic interactions of emotion and cognition in psychiatric disorders, and the multiple pathways by which cognitive, effortful behavior regulates pathological emotion, provide important insights into CEI and underlying neurocircuits. Although the paths depicted in Figure 2 are probably not exhaustive, focusing on different psychotherapeutic techniques might elucidate these hypothetical sub-systems and interactions. In turn, improved understanding of the functional roles of specific nodes/areas can help to define targets for neuromodulatory interventions, such as deep brain stimulation [54] or rTMS [55]. For example, whether or not vlPFC generates, compensates or regulates abnormal emotion in depression has important implications for rTMS, which can either activate or inhibit areas of cortex (although limited to cortex within 2–3 cm of the scalp). With continued work in this direction, the field should gain greater insight into brain function, in general, in addition to developing translational techniques that can treat these devastating psychiatric disorders.