رابطه علی بین درجه باز بودن تجاری، رشد اقتصادی و مصرف انرژی: تجزیه و تحلیل داده های پانل از کشورهای آسیایی

Empirical results confirm the presence of cointegration between variables. The impact of economic growth and trade openness on energy consumption is found to be positive. The panel Granger causality analysis reveals the bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption, trade openness and energy consumption.