هزینه اجتماعی حرارت مرکزی در یک کشور کم جمعیت

We conclude that one should assess environmental costs directly as far as possible, and that one should not include existing energy taxes or other taxes in calculation prices for energy projects. The same CO2 cost estimate should be used for all energy alternatives. Results from case studies indicate that the social cost (economic and environmental) of district heating may be lower than those associated with electrical heating, for meeting energy demand in new buildings.