مدیریت دانش متناسب و پیامدهای آن برای عملکرد کسب و کار: مشخصات تجزیه و تحلیل انحراف

Knowledge management (KM) has been regarded as a critical issue for the practitioners and academicians in these years. Studies mentioned that human resource management (HRM) plays an important role in implementing knowledge management activities. Meanwhile, the importance of information technology management (ITM) in facilitating effective KM practices has also been recognized. Therefore, in the case of KM strategy must align with HRM strategy, ITM must be integrated into this relationship to achieve organizational outcomes. Top managers from 173 organizations completed the research questionnaire. Performance implications of fit are examined using profile deviation analysis. Findings showed that the holistic perspective of fit among KM strategy, ITM strategy, and HRM strategy demonstrates a significant impact on business performance.

Nowadays, knowledge has become a critical asset and potential strategic resource for contemporary firms. Facing the advent of knowledge-based economy, it is important to know how to effectively manage and integrate various kinds of knowledge resources in order to survive and keep competitive advantages. In this vein, knowledge management (KM) is considered to be a pressing and important issue, as corporations must manage their knowledge bases and repositories effectively to gain long-term competitive advantage [1] and [2]. More specifically, the implementation of KM projects compliant with various KM strategies can provide organizations with dynamic capabilities for improving knowledge quality and quantity, as well as for consolidating the value and practicability of knowledge [3]. Meanwhile, information technology or information systems (IT/IS) can be regarded as effective means to facilitate codifying knowledge and creating networks [4]. It involved management activities of IT resources for an organization [5]. Well-management of IT for helping KM activities is an important concern for executives. For example, “system” KM strategy requires IT tools that allow for explicit knowledge to be formalized and articulated in documents, and shared electronically through IT infrastructures such as intranets [6]. Therefore, firms should invest in an extensive IT system to codify knowledge. In contrast, “human” KM strategy draws upon interpersonal relationships to exchange and share tacit knowledge across organizations. Thus, a moderate investment in IT to connect experts in organizations is needed. The technologies may include an e-mail system, on-line discussion networks, videoconferencing, and other collaborative tools [7]. Furthermore, the strategic role of human resource management (HRM) focuses on designing and implementing of a set of internally consistent policies and practices that ensure a firm’s human capital (e.g., employees’ knowledge, skills, and abilities) to achieve business goals [8] and [9]. In KM activities, development and deployment of human resources into various HRM strategies to fit with KM practices are critical concerns for managers [10], [11], [12], [13] and [14]. For example, according to Hansen et al. [4], different KM strategies should reflect different drivers of their human resources. In “system” KM strategy, adequate HR policies consist of hiring persons who are well suited to reuse of knowledge and implementation of solutions, training people in groups and through computer-based distance learning, and rewarding people for using and contributing to document databases. Additionally, with the “human” KM strategy, suitable HR policies are hiring persons who like problem-solving and can tolerate ambiguity, training people via one-on-one mentoring, and rewarding people for directly sharing knowledge with others. Therefore, both system and human KM strategies highlight the importance of recruitment and selection of employees (HR flow), training and development employment security, teams and job redesign control (work systems), and reward systems. The importance of IT/IS-business fit is also acknowledged [15] and [16]. According to Lee et al. [17], fit theory is one of the top five frequently-used theory out of the 31 listed among the 993 studies in the MIS field. Researchers have come to realize that an absence of strategic alignment probably can cause organizations to be incapable of realizing sufficient value from their IT investments [15] and [18]. Fit has been found not only to make a great contribution to potential capabilities of an organization’s IT infrastructure; it also exerts a significant direct positive effect on organizational performance [19] and [20]. Conversely, misalignment in organizations results in redundancy and inefficiency in IT functions, and in an increase in costs and delays [21]. More seriously, it can be one of the critical reasons that an organization’s performance declines [22] and [23]. Investigations regarding to integration of various strategies in KM related research is not sufficient. Furthermore, to analyze and design of the organization as a whole is critical to achieve organizational performance [24]. In the practical terms, basic alignment mechanism is “strategy”, and it is though that a fit between strategy and organization is the key driven to effectiveness at realizing intended strategies [25]. Therefore, drawing on the concept of fit, this research aims to examine the fit effect among KM strategy, ITM strategy, and HRM strategy on business performance. The authors posit that business performance, including growth and profitability, will be influenced by fit among these strategies. The general purposes of this study are to contribute to the academia and practice relating to knowledge management fit by pursuing several specific objectives. First, it intends to provide further insights into performance implications within the broad conceptualization of fit among KM strategy, ITM strategy, and HRM strategy. Second, it examines KM fit by using the fit as profile deviation to test for fit among KM strategy, ITM strategy, and HRM strategy. Finally, the authors are devoted to shedding a new light on KM–ITM–HRM fit research to reflect the simultaneous and holistic patterns of interlinkages between KM strategy and other strategies that influence KM activities.

In conclusion, results of this study corroborated the utility of “ideal profile” methodology in KM. Development of an ideal profile showed what strategy research calls the “holistic” approach to test fit. In summary, the holistic perspective, using the approach of fit as profile deviation, definitely recognized the pattern of strategic alignment has a positive impact upon business performance. Specifically, the result showed that the firms which are good at aligning ITM strategy and HRM strategy with KM strategy demonstrating a high performance level. Hence, firms must employ right IT management and HRM practices with KM strategies. For example, according to prior research, successful firms that use a system-oriented (codification) KM strategy utilize extensive selection and training procedures and have relatively high job security in their HR flow practices; compensation and promotion decisions tend to be tightly connected to employees’ work performance; these companies generally use broadly defined jobs with enriched design; they utilize team-based work organization; and they usually rotate jobs among employees to familiarize them with their colleagues’ work. All this is done to ensure that reused codified knowledge can store abundant expertise derived from different employees. Furthermore, firms that use system-oriented (codification) KM strategies focus their ITM strategies on strategic use of IT, meaning that they not only collect operational knowledge to connect people with reusable codified knowledge, they also focus on generating large overall revenues. On the other hand, firms that use human-oriented (personalization) KM strategies must have reward systems that encourage workers to share knowledge directly with others; instead of providing intensive training, employees are encouraged to develop social networks, so that tacit knowledge can be shared. Such companies focus on ‘maintaining’ not ‘creating’ high profit margins, and on external IT environment scanning, supporting the latest technologies, so as to facilitate person-to-person conversations and knowledge exchange.