روش مبتنی برچندگونه اندازه گیری برای طراحی موثر ارگونومیک ایستگاه های کاری تولید سیستم

The paper proposes a multimeasure-based methodology that can be used by production engineers for the ergonomic effective design of workstations within industrial environments. In particular the authors achieve the effective ergonomic design of the workstations belonging to a real industrial plant by using an approach based on multiple design parameters, Design of Experiments (DOE) and multiple performance measures. The industrial plant being considered is made up by 8 different workstations, 14 workers and it manufactures high-pressure hydraulic hoses. The design methodology aims at considering both the interaction of the operators with their working environment and the work methods. To this end, the workstations' actual configurations are compared with several alternative scenarios by using a well-planned experimental design. As support tool for applying the design methodology the authors use Modeling & Simulation (M&S) and a virtual three-dimensional environment for recreating, with satisfactory accuracy, the evolution over the time of the real industrial plant. Relevance to industry The authors propose a methodology for the effective ergonomic design of workstations within industrial plants. The methodology based on multiple design parameters and multiple performance measures supports the design and the evaluation of workstations in terms of both ergonomics and work methods.

The high complexity of the industrial plants (i.e. manufacturing systems) in terms of interactions between humans and their industrial working environment continuously provides challenging problems for researchers working in this specific field. In effect, during the last years, ergonomic problems became more and more important due to their effects on industrial plants efficiency and productivity. A number of different research works and scientific approaches have been proposed, trying to achieve the ergonomic effective design of the workstations belonging to industrial plants. In the late 90s, the ergonomic effective design of manufacturing system workstations was mostly supported by videotaping systems used for data collection, i.e. the videotape of the worker performing the manufacturing operations is used for collecting informations about the work methods (Das and Sengupta, 1996, Kadefors and Forsman, 2000 and Scott and Lambe, 1996). In order to achieve the ergonomic effective design of the manufacturing system workstations, such research works analyze the videotape of the work methods and assume a trial and error methodology (in effect the design methodology is never supported by a well-defined experimental design). The final ergonomic design of the workstations depends on researcher's experience and his/her knowledge about the manufacturing system. In addition, the design methodology is usually based on a single ergonomic performance measure (i.e. lift index, energy expenditure measure, work postures, etc.) related to a specific ergonomic standard such as the Ovako Working Posture analysis System (OWAS), the Burandt–Schultetus analysis, the NIOSH 81 and NIOSH 91 equations (NIOSH stands for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), the Garg analysis. Examples of research works that propose a design methodology for manufacturing system workstations based on a single ergonomic performance measure are Kharu et al., 1981, Engels et al., 1994, Temple and Adams, 2000, Lin and Chan, 2007 and Waters et al., 2007. The integration of two or more ergonomic standards (design methodology based on multiple performance measures) was the successive step carried out by the researchers working in this specific area for achieving multiple and simultaneous ergonomic improvements. Examples of ergonomic standards integration can be found in Wright and Haslam (1999) and Russell et al. (2007). Another important issue to take into consideration in the manufacturing workstations design is the relation between the concepts of work measurement and ergonomics. The measurement of the work aims at evaluating the time standard for performing a particular operation. On the contrary, the concept of ergonomics is often indicated as study of work (Zandin, 2001) and studies the principles that rule the interaction between humans and their working environments. In effect the work measurement and the ergonomics affect each other: ergonomic interventions affect the time required for performing the operations as well as any change to the work method affects the ergonomics of the workplace. Laring et al. (2002) and Udosen (2006) take into consideration in their research works both ergonomics and work measurement aspects. Finally the last important aspect is whether the ergonomic effective design is carried out by analyzing directly the real manufacturing workstations or by using computerized models. Usually the analysis of the real workstations is quite expensive (in terms of money and time) because it requires to “disturb” processes and activities of the manufacturing system. According to Banks (1998), in this context simulation is a problem solving methodology for creating an artificial history of the system, analyzing its behaviour, carrying out what-if analysis. Furthermore, simulation can be jointly used with virtual three-dimensional environments. A virtual three-dimensional environment is a powerful tool for observing the workplace evolution over the time, detecting ergonomic problems that, otherwise, would be difficult to detect. Wilson (1997) proposes an overview on attributes and capabilities of virtual environments devoted to support ergonomic design; Longo et al. (2006) use M&S in combination with 3-D virtual environments, ergonomic standards and work measurement for supporting the effective design of an assembly line still not in existence. The contribution of the paper to the state of the art is twofold: (i) the authors propose a methodology for achieving the ergonomic effective design of workstations within industrial environments and (ii) apply such methodology to the workstations belonging to a real industrial plant that manufactures high-pressure hydraulic hoses. The methodology is based on multiple design parameters, Design of Experiments (DOE) and multiple performance measures. It takes into account both the interaction of the operators with their working environment and the work methods and it is supported by Modeling & Simulation (M&S) and virtual three-dimensional environments for creating a simulation model of the real manufacturing plant. In particular, the simulation model is used for comparing the actual workstations with workstations' alternative configurations by carrying out a well-planned Design of Experiments based on multiple design parameters. The choice of the workstations final configuration is made according to multiple ergonomic and time performance measures. The paper is organized as follows. The explanation of the design methodology is made contextually to its application within a real industrial environment (a manufacturing system). To this end, Sections 2 and 3 respectively describe the manufacturing system and the implementation of the simulation model of the workstations. Section 4 explains the design methodology: how to define the multiple design parameters and the multiple performance measures and how to use the Design of Experiment (DOE) for testing a comprehensive set of workstations' different configurations. Section 5 presents the application of the design methodology and the achievement of the ergonomic effective design of the workstations. The last section reports the conclusions that summarize the scientific and academic value of the work.

The paper proposes a methodology for the ergonomic effective design of workstations within industrial plants. The methodology is proposed to the reader contextually to its application to a real industrial plant that manufactures high-pressure hydraulic hoses. The design methodology compares the actual workstations with alternative configurations by carrying out specific analysis supported by a well-planned experimental design (based on multiple design factors and multiple performance measures). The experiments running are supported by a simulation model that recreates in a 3-D virtual environment the workstations belonging to the industrial plant. The simulation model is developed by using the CAD software Pro-Engineer and the simulation software eM-Workplace. By applying the methodology, the authors achieve the effective ergonomic design of the Assembly and Pressure Test workstations. For each workstation the methodology requires to define multiple design parameters: objects distances and angles for the Assembly workstation and four different work methods for the Pressure Test workstation. Concerning the Assembly workstation, the methodology allows to evaluate the impact of each design parameter on multiple performance measures (the Permissible Force related to lifting activities, the Stress Level related to working postures, the Energy Expenditure and the Process Time). The final result is the ergonomic effective design of the assembly workstation: a completely new workstation layout characterized by several ergonomic improvements in terms of energy expenditure and process time. The ergonomic effective design has been achieved also for the Pressure Test workstation by choosing the best work method in terms of hydraulic hoses to be simultaneously tested. Finally note that the authors propose a design methodology capable of maintaining its validity for different workstations and different manufacturing systems. In effect the methodology is based on a number of steps that starting from the implementation of a simulation model of the real workstation allows the definition of multiple design parameters, the observation of the effects of such parameters on multiple ergonomic and time performance measures (by using the Design of Experiments) and the definition of the workstation final configuration (effective ergonomic design). Furthermore the use of the DOE is the first step toward the introduction of optimization techniques for the ergonomic effective design of the manufacturing system workstations. Further researches are still on going (in cooperation with the same manufacturing system) for analyzing the remaining workstations of the Assembly area and the workstations of the Mechanical area.