در مقیاس سه مدل داده ستانده اقتصاد شهری: انتشار کربن توسط پکن در سال 2007

For urban economies, an ecological endowment embodiment analysis has to be supported by endowment intensities at both the international and domestic scales to reflect the international and domestic imports of increasing importance. A three-scale input–output modeling for an urban economy to give nine categories of embodiment fluxes is presented in this paper by a case study on the carbon dioxide emissions by the Beijing economy in 2007, based on the carbon intensities for the average world and national economies. The total direct emissions are estimated at 1.03E+08 t, in which 91.61% is energy-related emissions. By the modeling, emissions embodied in fixed capital formation amount to 7.20E+07 t, emissions embodied in household consumption are 1.58 times those in government consumption, and emissions in gross capital formation are 14.93% more than those in gross consumption. As a net exporter of carbon emissions, Beijing exports 5.21E+08 t carbon embodied in foreign imported commodities and 1.06E+08 t in domestic imported commodities, while emissions embodied in foreign and domestic imported commodities are 3.34E+07 and 1.75E+08 t respectively. The algorithm presented in this study is applicable to the embodiment analysis of other environmental resources for regional economies characteristic of multi-scales.

1. Introduction Cities are the major contributors to the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil energy use [1]. Due to industry specialization and resource differences, goods and services within the city as a localized economy rely on numerous industries of domestic and foreign economies along with energy consumption and carbon emissions outside the city. Associated with economic flows, there are a large number of virtual carbon fluxes flowing into, within, and out of the city, and cities generally have extensive cross boundary interactions in terms of domestic and foreign imported goods, which will cause CO2 emissions elsewhere [2].

As for a regional urban economy there are considerable carbon emissions embodied in commodity flows of both international and domestic imports, a carbon emission embodiment analysis at the urban scale has to be supported by emission intensities at both the international and domestic scales. A three-scale input–output modeling for an urban economy is presented by a case study on the CO2 emissions by the Beijing economy in 2007, based on the carbon intensities for the average world and national economies. Calculated are nine categories of embodied emissions, i.e., emissions embodied in products produced and consumed locally; emissions embodied in domestic exported products produced locally; emissions embodied in foreign exported products produced locally; emissions embodied in products imported from other domestic regions but consumed locally; emissions embodied in domestic exported products which are imported from other domestic regions; emissions embodied in foreign exported products which are imported from other domestic regions; emissions embodied in products imported from foreign countries but consumed locally; emissions embodied in domestic exported products which are imported from foreign countries; and finally, emissions embodied in foreign exported products which are imported from foreign countries.