تفاوت های جنسیتی در خود اشتغالی تمام وقت

This analysis reveals interesting gender differences in full-time self-employment. Women who choose full-time self-employment have personal characteristics that are less highly valued in the marketplace than women who work full-time in wage-and-salary employment. The reverse is true for men. It is unclear whether the gender gap in self-employment income is the result of different supply decisions made by women, or greater constraints and/or discriminatory elements faced by women. There is some suggestion that women may place a higher value on nonwage aspects of self-employment than men do.

In this paper, gender differences in the propensity for self-employment (vs. wage-and-salary employment) and in the levels of earnings in each type of employment are investigated, using econometric techniques. It is found that women who choose self-employment have personal characteristics that are less highly valued by the market than women who choose wage-and-salary employment; the reverse is true for men. Certain personal characteristics appear to affect self-employment earnings differently for women than for men. It is unclear whether the resulting gender gap in self-employment earnings is the result of different supply decisions made by women or the result of greater constraints and/or discriminatory elements faced by women. Finally, the observed gender differences in the gap between self-employment earnings and potential wage-and-salary income suggest that self-employed women may place a higher value on the nonwage aspects of self-employment than self-employed men do. A review of the relevant literature is presented in Section II. A discussion of the methodology used in this paper is contained in III and IV provides a description of the data used, whereas the empirical findings are outlined in Section V. The main conclusions and implications of this research appear in Section VI.

This investigation of full-time self-employment reveals interesting gender differences. First, there is a basic gender difference in the mechanism that guides the choice between self-employment and wage-and-salary employment for a full-time, full-year worker. Women who choose self-employment have personal characteristics that are less highly valued in the marketplace than women who choose wage-and-salary employment. The reverse is true for men. Second, certain personal characteristics affect self-employment earnings differently for women than for men. Being White and being married tend to have negative impacts on the earnings of self-employed women, whereas they have positive impacts on the earnings of self-employed men. Also, although aging tends to enhance the earnings of self-employed men, it erodes the earnings of self-employed women. It is unclear whether the resulting gender gap in self-employment earnings is the result of different supply decisions made by women or greater constraints and/or discriminatory elements faced by women. Third, although the self-employment earnings of both men and women fall short of their wage-and-salary income foregone, the magnitude of the shortfall is greater for women. For self-employment to be viewed as a rational unconstrained choice, there must be nonwage aspects of self-employment that justify the cost. The observed gender difference suggests that women may place a higher value on these nonwage aspects of self-employment than men do. As the self-employment of women continues to grow, there will be an opportunity to monitor these gender differences. It remains to be seen whether the rise in female self-employment will raise the relative economic status of women or increase the male/female earnings inequality.U S Department and Bureau of the 1993