ابعاد کنترل روانشناختی والدین: ارتباطات با پرخاشگری فیزیکی و رابطه پیش دبستانی در روسیه
کد مقاله | سال انتشار | تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی |
---|---|---|
34234 | 2010 | 5 صفحه PDF |
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 48, Issue 8, June 2010, Pages 884–888
چکیده انگلیسی
This study reports the first behavioral genetic investigation of a nonverbal measure of the Big Five and its relationship with a traditional verbal measure. Participants (N = 592 adult twins) completed the Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Monozygotic twins were more alike on all domains of the Big Five as assessed by both sets of scales than were dizygotic twins, and univariate behavioral genetic model-fitting showed that individual differences in both the nonverbal and verbally assessed traits were entirely attributable to additive genetic and non-shared environmental factors. Positive phenotypic correlations were found between the same personality factors assessed by the verbal and nonverbal measures and these correlations were themselves entirely attributable to correlated genetic and correlated non-shared environmental factors. The results provide evidence for the validity of the newly-devised FF-NPQ.
مقدمه انگلیسی
Personality traits can be viewed as a set of qualities that make people distinct from one another in terms of their assumed roles or typical manners of behaving. Currently, the most popular conceptualization of personality structure is provided by the Five-Factor model. The Five-Factor model comprises the personality dimensions of Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. These five dimensions, the so-called Big Five, are held by many to provide a complete description of personality. The Five-Factor model is often operationalized by the popular and widely-used Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). The NEO-PI-R has well-established psychometric properties and has been used in numerous studies around the world. This notwithstanding, one limitation of the questionnaire is its reliance on the verbal representation of its items. A valid nonverbal measure of the Big Five would have several advantages, for example allowing the exact same items to be used in cross-cultural investigations, or in assessments of dyslexics, immigrants, linguistic minorities, or illiterates who might not easily or validly be evaluated with a verbal inventory. Fortunately, such a nonverbal measure exists. Paunonen, Jackson, and Ashton (2004) constructed a nonverbal questionnaire to assess the same five personality factors as assessed by the NEO-PI-R and its shorter sibling the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992). The resultant inventory is called the Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (FF-NPQ). For each Big Five domain, Paunonen et al. created a 12-item nonverbal scale, where each item consists of a line drawing of a central character performing a trait- or factor-relevant behavior in a specific situation. Respondents are asked to consider each item and to indicate, using a 7-point rating scale, the likelihood that they would engage in the type of behavior depicted in the illustration. Because the production of the FF-NPQ was based on the measures used in the NEO-FFI and the NEO-PI-R, it should be the case that ratings of the factors on the FF-NPQ correlate positively with ratings of the same factors on both of those verbal inventories. Hong, Paunonen, and Slade (2008) employed a multi-trait-multimethod analysis to investigate the construct validity of three Big Five personality questionnaires: the NEO-FFI, the FF-NPQ, and a 50 item-bipolar adjective rating form. Their results suggested that, regardless of the modality of item representations, the three different inventories have construct-valid properties and capture essentially the same five factors of personality. Paunonen (2003) used three different measures of the Big Five factors of personality to predict a variety of criterion variables thought to represent behaviors of some social and cultural significance. Using the NEO-FFI, the NEO-PI-R and the FF-NPQ, results indicated substantial consistency in behavior predictions across the different instruments. Furthermore, there was little evidence that the verbal forms were more similar to each other in predicting criterion variables than was either form to the nonverbal inventory. This study also reported relatively high correlations between the FF-NPQ scales and the corresponding scales assessed by the verbal inventories. The study by Paunonen (2003) is the only one to date that has compared the FF-NPQ and the 240-item NEO-PI-R. The first goal of our study, therefore, is to provide further evidence of convergent validity for the new nonverbal Big Five questionnaire. New measures of personality are required to show this type of convergence with existing measures in order to establish their construct validity. One of the purposes of this study is to verify the correlations found in the past between the scales of the FF-NPQ and the NEO-PI-R. Another goal of our study is to investigate the extent to which individual differences in the factors assessed by the FF-NPQ are attributable to genetic and/or environmental factors. No previous behavioral genetic (BG) studies of the FF-NPQ have been conducted. However, such studies have been done with verbal Big Five measures, such as the NEO-PI-R. Of course, if the FF-NPQ factors show moderate to large correlations with the same factors assessed by the NEO-PI-R, then it is expected that they will show the same pattern of influence from additive genetic and non-shared environmental factors as has been reported in the great majority of previous BG studies of verbal Big Five measures, including the NEO-PI-R (see Johnson, Vernon, & Feiler, (2008), for a recent review of all such studies). Our study has a third purpose. To the extent that the FF-NPQ factors correlate with those from the NEO-PI-R, our goal is to determine the extent to which these observed (or phenotypic) correlations are themselves attributable to correlated genetic and or correlated environmental factors. Large genetic or environmental correlations between factors assessed by the two inventories would indicate that they are not just measuring the same phenotypes, but that those genes or environmental factors that contribute to individual differences in one of the factors overlap substantially with the genes and environmental factors that contribute to variation in the other. This, in turn, would provide additional support for the construct validity of the FF-NPQ.