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• An overview of the metacognitive model of psychopathology.• An examination of its relevance to addictive behaviours.• A discussion of the application of metacognitive therapy to addictive behaviors.BackgroundOver the last twenty years metacognitive theory has provided a novel framework, in the form of the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model, for conceptualizing psychological distress (Wells & Matthews, 1994, 1996). The S-REF model proposes that psychological distress persists because of unhelpful coping styles (e.g. extended thinking and thought suppression) which are activated and maintained as a result of metacognitive beliefs.ObjectiveThis paper describes the S-REF model and its application to addictive behaviors using a triphasic metacognitive formulation.DiscussionEvidence on the components of the triphasic metacognitive formulation is reviewed and the clinical implications for applying metacognitive therapy to addictive behaviors outlined.

The term ‘metacognition’, which is most often associated with the work of John Flavell, 1979 and Flavell, 1987, can be broadly defined as knowledge and cognitive processes that are involved in the appraisal, control, or monitoring of thinking. Theory and research in metacognition emerged in developmental psychology and has, over the last forty years, been applied across various domains including aging, education, forensic psychology, memory, and neuropsychology (Dunlosky and Metcalfe, 2009, Nelson and Narens, 1990 and Pintrich, 2000). More recently, as a result of the work of Adrian Wells and his colleagues, metacognition has applied to conceptualizing and treating psychological distress. Wells and Matthews, 1994 and Wells and Matthews, 1996 have proposed a multi-process model, the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model (presented in Fig. 1), to represent dysfunctional cognition in psychological distress. The novel features of this model are: (1) the identification of a common or transdiagnostic set of processes and structures; (2) the modeling of cognition within an explicit cognitive architecture; (3) emphasis on top-down or strategic influences on processing bias; and (4) an explicit role assigned to metacognitive beliefs in the underpinning of coping styles that lead to psychological distress.