ساختار سلسله مراتبی از شخصیت و آسیب شناسی روانی شایع در دوران کودکی

The study examined the hierarchical structure of child personality and common psychopathology in a community sample of 2–18-year-olds (N = 1926) using parent reported Inventory of Child Individual Differences-Short version and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. A joint higher-order factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution; the hierarchical framework showed that normal personality traits and problem behaviors are integrated within the same structural model from the early years onwards. The three-factor level, with a positive personality factor and two broad psychopathology factors, externalizing and internalizing, resembled the three developmental orientations of moving toward, against or away from the world. The findings suggest that personality and common psychopathology share the same temperamental origins in behavioral inhibition and negative affect.

Evidence is accumulating that personality is pervasively hierarchical (Markon, 2009). Markon, Krueger, and Watson (2005) in a comprehensive meta-analysis of normal and abnormal personality scales showed that personality hierarchy integrated Big Trait models of normal and abnormal patterns of behavior in adults and replicated across samples and measures. A recent study examining the hierarchical structure of childhood personality showed that Big Traits and their relationships map on to established patterns for adults and were largely consistent across five different cultures (Canada, China, Greece, Russia and the United States) and four age groups from early childhood to early adolescence (Tackett et al., 2012). The five factor model was easily recognizable as the Big Five even in the youngest age group (3–5 years old), whereas two-factor model clearly resembled Digman’s (1997) higher-order factors derived from meta-analysis of different measures of the Big Five, based on teacher, peer and self-reports of children, adolescents and adults: Alpha comprising Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism (reversed), and Beta comprising Extraversion and Openness – which have subsequently been replicated (e.g., DeYoung, 2006).