تست ورزش قلبی و ریه و تست عملکرد دوم ریه برای تشخیص الگوی انسدادی در افراد سیگاری علائم با اسپیرومتری مرزی

In smokers with borderline spirometry, CPET and second-line pulmonary function tests may detect obstructive pattern. These subjects should be referred for second line testing, to obtain a diagnosis, or at least to clarify the mechanisms underlying symptoms. Whether the natural history of these patients is similar to COPD, and they deserve a similar therapeutic approach is worth investigating.