The Internet has often been referred to as an “infocentric” medium. Information abounds on topics, people, products and companies. With the multiplicity and diverse variety of web pages containing information, comprehension becomes a critical issue, and a major facet of comprehension is readability of content. The study described in this paper examines the readability of the text on business-to-business (B2B) websites. First, the paper presents an overview of readability formulae. It then applies selected readability formulae to web pages in the semiconductor industry. The study explores how readability formulae can provide quick feedback to web marketers based on key indicators such as sentence length, proportion of difficult words and frequency of polysyllabic words. It also demonstrates how the relative readability of a company's web pages can be evaluated against those of its competitors. In closing, the paper considers the managerial implications associated with the use of readability formulae and offers directions for future study in this relatively under-researched domain.
Business-to-business (B2B) marketers communicate with their customers in a variety of different ways. Salespeople call on their clients, billboards attempt to attract the attention of the executive on journeys to and from work, and television advertisements extol the virtues of products and services using the power of visual movement and sound. However, the overwhelming majority of the B2B marketer's communication efforts rely on written text. The customer hopefully reads trade journal advertising and brochures, probably reads sales proposals and almost certainly reads product manuals and safety instructions, or at least tries to. Here, the marketer makes a leap of faith: That the customer audience will not only read, but also comprehend the communicated message. If the customer does read and comprehend the message, this could lead to awareness, interest and sales, at a basic level, and then higher level outcomes such as customer satisfaction, retention and repurchase. Where comprehension is less than optimal, the outcomes for the marketer can range from indifferent to disastrous—from low awareness and poor resulting sales, to brand disdain, low product satisfaction and customer exit. Indeed, low customer comprehension of some marketing material in a B2B environment can even lead to product misuse that can be fatal.
Regardless of the medium, readability is an important issue in communication. For some time now, communicators have been concerned about the suitability of writing style and sentence structure for readers at different levels. While the concern with readability has its roots in philosophy and ancient Bible studies, it was in the domain of education that the most significant research on the subject has been conducted [1]. More recently, marketers and other professionals have become justifiably concerned with the readability of their written communication.
Advertising professionals, in particular, should be concerned with all aspects of sentence structure that may impact on effective communication. A few basic tenets of advertising copywriting are: to write in a conversational style as if talking to someone [2]; to use “the language they use every day” [3]; to rewrite copy so that it is “easier to read; i.e., using shorter sentences and replacing difficult words with easier-to-read synonyms” [4]. However, most of the advice is intuitive and not empirically tested. Despite the importance of copywriting in advertising, psycholinguistic research of advertising text has tended to focus on the semantics of advertising (i.e., word meanings) rather than the language itself (i.e., the syntax) [5]. Paradoxically then, the body of knowledge on advertising copy effectiveness has little to offer B2B marketers who have embraced the Internet.
In the B2B literature, readability has only been studied with regard to sales training manuals [6]. It was found, not unsurprisingly, that reading material that requires a disproportionately high level of reading effort causes readers to adopt a less positive view of the material and those who produced it. Now, B2B marketers are turning to the Internet in their efforts to communicate effectively and transact with customers. With the sharp rise in the use of electronic media, it is equally important for B2B marketers to ascertain how readable the information they communicate on the Internet is, for material that is less readable can easily be passed over at the click of a mouse. Indeed, the customer as reader does not even have to go to the trouble of forming a less positive view of the material or the provider: he or she simply clicks and passes on to a more appropriate site. Indeed, one may speculate that comprehension of text reaches a new level in the age of the Internet—to coin a cliché, we may term this “e-comprehension.” And e-comprehension is determined by readability. The study described in this paper will explore one method to assess the readability of web pages, by examining a selection of web pages for semiconductor companies.
This paper has sought to highlight the importance of evaluating the readability of B2B web pages. While there are a number of qualitative means to do so, this study explored the possibility of evaluating readability quantitatively, by using readability formulae. The study demonstrates that readability formulae can potentially yield a quick gauge as to the ease or difficulty of reading online text. Where scores indicate difficulty in the readability of online text, this should serve as a signal to the publisher of the web pages a need to reexamine the text in order to enhance its readability for its target audience(s).
