دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 14529
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله

ساختار سرمایه و موقعیت رقابتی در بازار محصول

عنوان انگلیسی
Capital structure and competitive position in product market
کد مقاله سال انتشار تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
14529 2014 14 صفحه PDF
منبع

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : International Review of Economics & Finance, Volume 29, January 2014, Pages 358–371

فهرست مطالب ترجمه فارسی

چکیده

مقدمه

داده ها، متغیرها و روش های تجربی  

معیارهای اهرم و سهم بازار

نقدینگی

عوامل تعیین کننده سهم بازار

اختصاصی بودن

 اختیاری

فرصت رشد

عوامل تعیین کننده نسبت اهرمی

ریسک ورشکستگی

سهم بازار

متدولوژی تجربی

نتایج تجربی

نتیجه گیری                 

تقدیر و تشکر     

 
ترجمه کلمات کلیدی
رقابت برتراند - ساختار سرمایه - رقابت تشریح نوع بازی - سهم بازار
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Bertrand competition,Capital structure,Cournot competition,Market share
ترجمه چکیده
این مقاله به بررسی تأثیر ساختار سرمایه بر موقعیت رقابتی بنگاه ها در بازار محصول (که بر اساس سهم بازار اندازه گیری می شود) می پردازد. پیش بینی های نظری نشان می دهد که این تأثیر به این بستگی دارد که آیا تعامل شرکت ها را رقابت کورنو و برتراند مشخص می کند یا خیر. شواهدی را ارائه می کنیم مبنی بر این که در هر دو نوع رقابت، اهرم تأثیری مثبت بر سهم بازار دارد. این شواهد تأیید کننده مفهوم رایج اثر تعهدی اندک تأمین مالی بدهی است. همچنین نشان می دهیم که موقعیت رقابتی بنگاه در تعیین نوع ساختار سرمایه آن اهمیت دارد.
ترجمه مقدمه
نظریات ساختار سرمایه معمولاً در یک چارچوب تک بنگاهی ارائه می شوند و شدت رقابت میان بنگاه ها را در بازارهای محصول در نظر نمی گیرند. این نظریات به طور ضمنی فرض می کنند که بنگاه ها با انتخاب استراتژیکی ساختار سرمایه نمی توانند موقعیت رقابتی خود را در بازارهای محصول بهبود ببخشند. علاوه بر این، فرض می شود که بازارهای محصول بازده تصادفی برونزایی را ارائه می کنند که تحت تأثیر نوع ساختار سرمایه بنگاه ها نیست. اما مطالعات مختلف نظیر تیتمن (1984)، برندر و لویس (1986) و ماکسیمویچ (1988) به بررسی انتخاب استراتژیک ساختار سرمایه پرداخته اند. تمرکز این مطالعات بر نقش استراتژیک بدهی است که نشان می دهد تأمین مالی بدهی، استراتژی های محصول رقبای یک بنگاه را طوری تغییر می دهد که به نفع بنگاه است
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله  ساختار سرمایه و موقعیت رقابتی در بازار محصول

چکیده انگلیسی

This paper examines the effect of capital structure on the competitive position of firms in the product market, as measured by the market share. Theoretical predictions suggest that this effect depends on whether Cournot or Bertrand competition determines firms' interactions. We present evidence that leverage affects market share positively under both types of competitions. This evidence supports the prevailing version of the limited liability effect of debt financing. Alternatively, we demonstrate that a firm's competitive position is important in determining its choice of capital structure.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Capital structure theories customarily are developed in a single-firm framework and disregard competition intensity among firms in output markets. Theories implicitly assume that by choosing capital structure strategically, firms cannot enhance their competitive positions in output markets. In addition, output markets are assumed to offer an exogenous random return unaffected by firms' choices of capital structure. However, several studies such as Titman (1984) , Brander and Lewis (1986) , and Maksimovic (1988) examine the strategic choice of capital structure. These studies focus on the strategic role of debt, implying that debt financing shifts output strategies of a firm's rivals in a way that benefits the firm. 1 Using strategic debt characteristics, a firm can enhance its future competitive position in its industry. Alternatively, a debt equilibrium level is determined when benefits equal the agency costs associated with its increase. Choice of capital structure can affect future competitive position in the manner that Brander and Lewis (1986) refer to as the limited liability effect of debt financing. 2 Because of this principle, managers (shareholders) need to only consider firms' returns during profitable periods, as creditors claim all assets in receivership. In other words, debt financing elevates managers' incentives to adopt riskier output strategies. 3 Hence, debt enhances competitive advantage by enabling firms to pre-commit to a more aggressive output strategy. This suggests that firms can influence their competitive position by strategically using debt. As a result, a firm's capital structure affects competitive interaction among firms in output markets.Although the theoretical literature extensively analyzes the relationships among output strategy, competitive position, and capital structure, little empirical evidence confirms them. Among the empirical literature, Phillips (1995) and Kovenock and Philips (1997) investigate the relationship between intra-industry price variation and a firm's capital structure. Showalter (1995) theoretically demonstrates the conclusion in Brander and Lewis (1986) that firms' strategic incentive to increase debt depends both on the type of competitive interaction among firms in the output market and on the type of uncertainty the firm faces. Based on his earlier theoretical findings ( Showalter, 1995 ), Showalter (1999) verifies the relationship between uncertainty in output markets and the strategic role of debt. MacKay and Phillips (2005) examine the relationship between a firm's capital structure and industry position, defined as the similarity of its capital – labor ratio to its industry's median capital – labor ratio. 4 Lyandres (2006) performs a broad cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between firms' capital structure and the extent of their competitive interaction (whether competition is Cournot or Bertrand). These prior studies hypothesize that firms will choose a capital structure that enhances their advantage in the output market if debt financing presents a strategic advantage. Hence, these studies investigate relationship between capital structure and intra-industry price variation, uncertainty, industry concentration, and competitive interaction in output market. However, these analyses do not specifically reveal any strategic advantage offered by debt. This paper examines their unanswered question: How does the strategic advantage of debt manifest itself in output markets? We examine market share as the variable that reflects the strategic advantage of debt because it is an important indicator of competitive position. A firm's objective in the output market is to improve its competitive position. If debt financing offers strategic value, it manifests itself in terms of the firm's improved competitive position. Few previous empirical studies define market share as the indicator of a firm's competitive position in its industry. For instance, Frésard (2010) empirically verifies whether cash holdings have a strategic advantage that improves the competitive position and defines a firm's market share as competitive position. This paper assumes that a firm's capital structure influences its market share, and vice versa. This assumption originates in the Brander and Lewis (1986) that foresighted firms anticipate the consequences of their financial decisions on output markets; thus, output market conditions influence financial decisions. Our empirical strategy is to verify the relationship between capital structure and market share as an indicator of competitive position within the industry through simultaneous equations in which both variables are endogenous. Theoretical literature predicts that the nature of competitive interaction among firms affects the relationship between capital structure and competitive position. “ Nature of competitive interaction ” refers to whether firms engage in Cournot (quantity) or Bertrand (price) competition. Cournot competition corresponds to strategic substitution: a firm complaisantly accommodates a competitor's strategic move. Bertrand competition corresponds to strategic complementarity: a firm escalates competition by matching a competitor's move. If a firm's output strategy is Cournot (substitutional), its reaction function slopes downward, while in the case of Bertrand (complementary), it slopes upward. Based on this theoretical suggestion, we classify samples into Cournot or Bertrand competition and employ the Competitive Strategy Measure ( CSM ) to distinguish them. This verifies hypotheses regarding the relationship between capital structure and market share separately for Cournot and Bertrand firms. To this end, hypotheses to be verified are as follows. Because of the principle of limited liability, increasing debt raises a firm's incentive to adopt a more aggressive strategy. Hence, higher debt induces a Cournot firm to produce more and a Bertrand firm to reduce prices. How these actions affect a firm's market share depends on how rivals react. In the Cournot framework, a rival reduces its output, because Cournot firms compete as strategic substitutes. As a result, the leveraged Cournot firm's market share increases and the rival's market share decreases. In the Bertrand framework, the rival is likely to reduce prices, because Bertrand firms compete as strategic complements. In this case, the market share effects on leveraged Bertrand firms become ambiguous because this hypothesis assumes that competitors simultaneously reduce prices. However, the overall impact on market share becomes clear if firms do not set prices simultaneously, i.e., one is a Stackelberg price leader and the other the follower. The Stackelberg leader's share increases by reducing prices ahead of rivals, because demand for its product increases. We present testable hypothesis about what the effect of market share on a firm's leverage ratio. Due to the limited liability effect of debt financing, a firm's equity holders have an incentive to prefer riskier output strategies. However, when providing additional funds, debt holders accommodate this effect by requiring a risk premium that increases proportionately to the amount of debt. Evidently a firm's market share increases through leverage; however, there is a simultaneous increase in the agency costs of debt. Hence, lower market share firms seeking to expand their market share generally increase leverage because the strategic benefits from debt outweigh the associated agency costs. However, agency costs exceed the debt benefits with an increase in market share. Hence, the greater the firm's market share, the lower its leverage ratio. 5 This paper presents evidence for the following findings. Under Cournot competition (strategic substitutes), leverage affects market share positively, implying that leveraged Cournot firms can boost their market share. Similarly under Bertrand competition (strategic complements), leverage significantly and affirmatively affects market share, implying that Bertrand firms can increase market share via debt financing. They have incentives to reduce prices ahead of rivals. Thus, Bertrand competition fits the Stackelberg model.Market share affects leverage significantly and negatively regardless of whether firms compete as substitutes or complements, implying that market share leaders restrict debt financing and restrain leverage to preserve competitive advantage if agency costs outweigh the benefits of increased debt. Therefore, leverage is in equilibrium when the strategic benefits of debt equal the agency costs associated with its increase.Our evidence supports the prevailing notion of the limited liability effect of debt financing. In addition, we represent that a firm's competitive position significantly influences its choice of capital structure. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes our data, variable definitions, sample characteristics, and empirical methodology. Section 3 presents the results of empirical tests. Section 4 concludes.

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

This paper examined the effect of capital structure on the competitive position of firms in the product market as measured by market share. Alternatively, we assumed that a firm's capital structure influences its market share, and vice versa. We verified the relationship between capital structure and market share through simultaneous equations in which both variables are endogenous. Theoretical predictions suggested that the interaction between capital structure and market share depended on whether Cournot or Bertrand competition presided in the output market. Therefore, we classified our sample into Cournot or Bertrand competition on the basis of empirical measures of strategic substitutes and strategic complements. We presented evidence that leverage affects market share positively under both Cournot (strategic substitutes) and Bertrand competition (strategic complements). This evidence supports the prevailing notion of the limited-liability effect of debt financing. Alternatively, market share affects leverage significantly and negatively regardless of whether firms compete as substitutes or complements. This result implies that firms enjoying a high market share restrict debt financing, perhaps to maintain their competitive advantage in case agency costs outweigh the strategic benefits associated with the increase in debt. Our evidence suggested that a firm's capital structure influences its market share, and vice versa. We determined that leverage is in equilibrium when the strategic benefits of debt equal the agency costs associated with its increase